Crinoline

The crinoline is a 19th century form of the hoopskirt; a « hooped petticoats » or a framework of light metal without petticoat, the « cage crinoline », that held out skirts without the need for multiple layers of petticoats (which had been the previous method used). Crinolines were widely worn in their original extravagant form from about ca. 1854-1866. Since then, the term has been used for various contrivances to hold out skirts in more directions than a bustle; however, these latter-day crinolines do not rival the Victorian original.

English: Cutaway schematic diagram from Punch magazine, 1856
Français : Vue en coupe, magazine Punch, 1856
English: 1850 parody by George Cruikshank (before crinolines had actually caught on in a big way)
Français : Dessin satirique de George Cruikshank, 1850 (avant que les crinolines ne dominent vraiment la mode).
English: "The Remarkable Convenience of Hoops for Young Mothers in the Country", 1857 satire.
Français : «La remarquable commodité des cerceaux pour les jeunes mères à la campagne», 1857, image satirique.
English: 1859 fashion plate
Français : Gravure de mode de 1859
English: 1857 fashion joke
Français : 1857, dessin satirique
English: Early 1860's ball gowns
Français : Robes de bal, début des années 1860
English: Sequence of posed joke photographs of five stages of putting on a crinoline, ca. 1860
Français : Cinq étapes pour de la mise d'une crinoline, séquence de photos humoristiques, ca. 1860
English: 1862 Vienna fashion plate
Français : 1862, Vienne, gravure de mode
Godey's Magazine, 1859
English: Caricature of men being "squeezed" by expansive crinolines.
Français : Caricature : hommes écrasés par des grandes crinolines.

Schematic diagrams from patent applications

1846
1857
1885
1888
1906
1955