File:Pteridium aquilinum subsp. decompositum (4943209526).jpg
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DescriptionPteridium aquilinum subsp. decompositum (4943209526).jpg |
Kīlau, kīlau pueo, paiʻā, bracken, or Hawaiian bracken fern Subspecies is endemic to the Hawaiian Islands ʻAiea Loop Trail, Oʻahu Bracken has been used throughout in many cultures around the world. The fiddlehead (immature unfurled fronds) are bitter but used fresh, cooked, or preserved by pickling, salting, or sun drying. For example, in Korea, called gosari, they are used in bibimbap, or gosari-namul, a sauteed side dish; and as a vegetable dish in Japan, called wasari. Native Americans pound the rhizomes in making a stachy flour for bread; and in Japan used a starch to make confections. In Hawaii, kīlau is collected and use in wasari. But "because bracken fern has cancerous properties and a nerve poison, it should be eaten infrequently and in moderation." A substitute for bracken, is the Vegeatble fern (Diplazium esculentum), naturalized in Hawaii, and often called hōʻiʻo in local markets. Hōʻiʻo can be prepared the same way as bracken, but "is not known to have these anti-nutritional qualities so it can be eaten freely." The species name esculenta is Latin for edible, alluding to the use of this fern for food. Bracken has been used as fodder for animals, but it can injure or poison them. So it often used as litter in animal pens. nativeplants.hawaii.edu/plant/view/Pteridium_aquilinum_de... |
Date | |
Source |
Pteridium aquilinum subsp. decompositum
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Author | David Eickhoff from Pearl City, Hawaii, USA |
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This image, originally posted to Flickr, was reviewed on 15 November 2012 by the administrator or reviewer File Upload Bot (Magnus Manske), who confirmed that it was available on Flickr under the stated license on that date. |
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current | 06:56, 15 November 2012 | 2,640 × 1,980 (1.23 MB) | File Upload Bot (Magnus Manske) (talk | contribs) | Transferred from Flickr by User:Tim1357 |
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Camera manufacturer | Canon |
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Camera model | Canon PowerShot S5 IS |
Exposure time | 1/60 sec (0.016666666666667) |
F-number | f/2.7 |
ISO speed rating | 200 |
Date and time of data generation | 07:51, 8 June 2009 |
Lens focal length | 6 mm |
Horizontal resolution | 180 dpi |
Vertical resolution | 180 dpi |
Software used | picnik.com |
File change date and time | 07:51, 8 June 2009 |
Y and C positioning | Centered |
Exif version | 2.2 |
Date and time of digitizing | 07:51, 8 June 2009 |
Meaning of each component |
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APEX shutter speed | 5.9068905902692 |
APEX aperture | 2.8659188034188 |
APEX exposure bias | 0 |
Maximum land aperture | 2.8659188034188 APEX (f/2.7) |
Metering mode | Pattern |
Flash | Flash did not fire, auto mode |
Supported Flashpix version | 1 |
Color space | sRGB |
Focal plane X resolution | 14,506.666666667 |
Focal plane Y resolution | 14,485.207100592 |
Focal plane resolution unit | inches |
Sensing method | One-chip color area sensor |
File source | Digital still camera |
Custom image processing | Normal process |
Exposure mode | Auto exposure |
White balance | Auto white balance |
Digital zoom ratio | 1 |
Scene capture type | Standard |