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الإنسان
حيوان سياسي.
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هذه العبارة المعروفة عمرها 2400 سنة
ونحن مدينون بها للفيلسوف أرسطو.
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فهي تشير إلى
قدرتنا على إنشاء،
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وتنظيم المدن والعيش فيها
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لأن البشر بحاجة إلى مدينة
أو مجتمع لنتطوّر في مجملنا،
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وحتى لنكون سعداء.
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عمل أرسطو في
عشرات المجالات
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مثل الفيزياء والأحياء وعلم النبات
وعلم النفس والرياضيات والفن.
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صدق أو لا تصدق،
كانت أيامه تتكون من 24 ساعة،
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مثل أيامنا.
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ولد أرسطو عام 384 قبل الميلاد
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in Stagira (Macedonia).
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At the age of 17 he moved to
Athens to study at Plato's Academy.
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There he stood out as a brilliant
student, becoming a teacher.
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Platonic reflections
influenced him,
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but he questioned some
of the Platonism doctrines.
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Maybe that's why he decided to leave
the Academy and make his own way.
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At the request of the
King of Macedonia,
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he was in charge of the education
of his son Alexander for two years.
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Later he would be the
Conqueror Alexander the Great.
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He returned to
Athens, years later,
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where he founded a
school called Lyceum.
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When Alexander the Great died,
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the government that supported
him was dissolved in Athens.
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Hatred against
Macedonians spread
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and Aristotle, just in case,
fled to the island of Euboea.
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He died there, at the age of 62.
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Aristotle is believed to have
written more than 200 works
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but only thirty have
survived to this day.
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Some of the notable ideas
addressed in these texts are:
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Form is the essence of things
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According to Plato, ideas
are universal and real,
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they are the real substance or
the one that remains unchanged.
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Aristotle, for his part, considers
particular objects as true substances,
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and affirms that they are made up
of two inseparable elements of reality:
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matter (hyle)
and form (morphe)
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This theory of understanding
reality is called hylomorphism,
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which excludes the
world of Platonic Ideas.
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According to
Aristotle, doing science
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is to discover and explain the
common essence of particular objects
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formed by matter and form.
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In any case, he argues that
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that essence is the form
of that particular reality.
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Aristotle, like Plato,
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affirms that science must be done around
something universal, fixed and immutable,
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but Plato
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takes Ideas as raw
material of science
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while Aristotle takes the forms.
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But how can we get
to know that essence?
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Through induction, among others.
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The senses allow us to
analyze particular objects
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and rationally resolve their forms.
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For example, there are many human
beings with their own characteristics,
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but they all share a
common essence or form,
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according to Aristotle:
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being rational animals.
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Theory of the four causes
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From Aristotle's point of view,
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Things are as they are for
certain reasons or causes.
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So, the function of science
is to clarify these causes.
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He divided these causes
of things into four types.
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Material cause.
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Each thing is made
up of a specific material.
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The human being, for
example, has an organic body
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composed of carbon, hydrogen
and oxygen, among others.
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Formal cause.
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A certain form or essence
gives each thing its character.
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Humans and the
rest of the animals
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are made of the same material,
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but the form differentiates
one from the other.
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In the case of human beings,
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a soul with the
ability to reason
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is the main or human
differentiating characteristic.
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Effective cause.
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One thing is created
by other things.
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In the specific case
of a human being,
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the parents are
the effective cause.
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Final cause.
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It is the main
objective of everything.
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For Aristotle,
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all things have one.
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That of the eye is to see well
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and eating's cause
is feeding the body.
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Human beings, likewise:
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feeding or surviving are
some of its objectives.
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But, above all, they
have a final cause:
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happiness.
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Practical science and happiness
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For Aristotle,
politics and ethics
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must lead human
life to excellence:
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the happiness.
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But what does
happiness consist of?
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He did not believe that
it could be determined
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based on what each
individual believes;
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Human nature must be investigated
in order to clarify what it consists of.
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For Aristotle
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happiness is not subjective
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but objective.
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For this, in the case
of human beings,
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he points out three goods
or types of objectives.
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1- External goods.
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They are varied resources,
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like food, money,
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material goods and friends.
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Aristotle believes that these resources
cannot be the key to happiness,
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because happiness
lies above all in action
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and they are not an
action or an activity.
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External goods are only goods based
on what human beings do with them.
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2- Corporal assets.
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Health is first.
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Human beings value health, but it
is not enough for us to be healthy.
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We seek other, higher goals.
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Therefore, bodily goods,
even though they are necessary,
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are not the key to happiness.
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3- The goods or
virtues of the soul.
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They are those related to the
activities that we carry out ourselves:
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those carried out
on our initiative.
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Acting virtuously is the
key to achieving them.
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Is to say,
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achieve excellence in the
greatest number of actions.
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And for this our soul must act
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according to reason and thought.
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The virtues of the soul.
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Nevertheless,
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Aristotle understands the
word rational in two senses
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and recognizes two types of
complementary virtues in the soul.
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On the one hand, the
dianoetic or intellectual virtues.
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Our soul depends on
reason when we think well.
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For example, when we do math or
physics well, we are thinking well.
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But also in making appropriate political
decisions or in artistic creation.
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On the other hand, there are
ethical virtues or character virtues.
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The soul acts according to reason
when activities that are in fact irrational
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They correspond to thought.
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With an example it
is better understood:
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eating too much
would not be rational,
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but eating too little either.
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The essence of ethical
virtues is in the middle.
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Virtuous actions fall between
two excessive vicious extremes.
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These ideas are just
the tip of the iceberg.
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But in the history of humanity
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They have all had great weight.
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His reflections on
how to analyze reality
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have been the basis of scientific
thought for hundreds of years.
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At least, until in the Modern
Age Newton, Galileo, etc.,
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gave way to the
scientific revolution.
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On the contrary, what he wrote
about the proper ways of living
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continues to be the
subject of debate.
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Are there objective principles
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to decide if human
behaviors are good or bad?
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Although Aristotle tried, we
still do not have round answers.
