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Akan gold weights
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Historical gold weights of the Akan

on the West African Gold and Ivory Coast


To classify the Akan Gold Weights of Ghana and the Ivory Coast is a very difficult topic. The reason is that it's giving hundreds of different weights with a (very special) number symbolism as well as that several weights of the same name have different equivalent masses in different regions depending on the aim of use. In the latter case one has to distinguish between a) the trade with Europeans on the coast, b) the transsaharian trade with Northern Africa and c) the inner-African trade. In the past it had given several trials from mostly European authors to assign a system of Akan gold trading measures, but all these are more or lesser failed. Nevertheless, these authors have executed good preliminary work and delivered a valuable contribution for the understanding of the gold trade in West Africa in the pre-colonial centuries. Strictly spoken, the truth is probably somewhere between these systems. However, here shall be try to give a work paper for an interpretation of that gold weights which were collected (mostly in the 19th century) for museums in Europe and elsewhere.

To make matters worse is still that the equivalent values have changed with the time and that the privileged European trading companies (especially the Dutch W.I.C.) had used different value definitions for their trading goods in oversea areas (Africa, America) and Europe. Beside of this, African chiefs had let use often lighter/more heavy weight pieces for reasons of the personal profit.

The crown of the Kings of Denmark, new created during the regency of King Frederick III of Denmark (reigned 1648-1670):

It is said, the most gold used in the manufacturing process of this crown was traded on the West African Gold Coast.


The figurative, brass-like figures served as weights for weighing of gold dust. (gold dust = fine granulate of solid natural gold)

All known, in museums showed Akan gold weights consist of so-called "yellow cast", that's meaning a cast of copper with zinc and/or silver or lead in different compositions corresponding to the natural occurences in the environment of the casting producer. The silver additive to the copper serves for a higher constancy of a copper-silver-alloy (in the sense of a higher corrosion resistance) opposite to a pure copper piece and the addition of a higher zinc content serves to a relief of the melting and casting process. Additionally a certain silver content gives a better and brighter luster of the metal.

A rubber mold of the original wax model of an apple and its cast form.

Almost all Akan gold weights were manufactured with the technique of the so-called "lost-wax casting" (also: "cire perdue"-procedure; German: "Prozedur der verlorenen Form") whose principle goes back to the Chalcolithic period (4500–3500 BC). At this procedure was manufacted firstly a wax model of the desired figure. Beside of bee-wax was also used tallow, resin, tar, or similar materials. A such figure was covered with a fine coating of wood charcoal powder which was emulsified in a liquid water/argil/clay mixture. On this layer came further covers of argil which was fixed and fortified by palm fibres or (in later time) cotton fibres. The dried piece was heatened at which the liquid wax outflowed through little open casting-channels and in which the liquid metal cast was poured. The content of cinter and other (mostly carbonaceous) pollutions of the "yellow cast" material give informations about the age and producing region of a such figure.

One's hypothesising that the Akan or their anchestors brought this technology from the Killi region of the old, pre-islamic realm "Gana".

Metering measure name terms at Akan weights edit

Prefixes edit

usual prefixes at Akan gold weight names:

Akan English Français Deutsch
without collective name collectif Sammelbezeichnung
O- singular singulier Einzahl, Singular
E- singular singulier Einzahl, Singular
A- plural pluriel Mehrzahl, Plural
N- plural pluriel Mehrzahl, Plural
M- plural pluriel Mehrzahl, Plural
namfi- between intermédiaire zwischen
pere- more as plus de
plus que		 mehr als...
sim- less than... moins de
moins que		 weniger als
onan- melted
(reduced)		 fondu
(demarqué)		 geschmolzenes
(reduziertes, Klein-)

Sometime the name is combined with the local area name of the use of a certain weight unit. For instance: "Bremanansuru" means "a Nansuru used in Breman" (in southern Asante) or "Takyimansua" means "a Sua used in Takyiman" (Techiman) (Bono-Manso region northwestern of Asante) (Takyiman (Techiman) was the new Ashanti capital for the 1722 conquered kingdom of Bono-Manso.).

Suffixes edit

usual suffixes at Akan gold weight names:

Akan English Français Deutsch
-fa half moitié halb
-suru half moitié halb
-nu double double doppelt
-nou double double doppelt
-sa threefold triple dreifach

Epithets edit

usual epithets at Akan gold weight names:

Akan English Français Deutsch
N’ and et und
M’ and et und
ne and et und
mienu double double Zweifache
mwa double double Zweifache
mwio double double Zweifache
nyo double double Zweifache
Nyon double double Zweifache
nsa threefold triple Dreifache
san threefold triple Dreifache
anan fourfold quadruple Vierfache
anum fivefold quintuple Fünffache
asia sixfold sextuple Sechsfache
aban,
band(ya)		 government gouvernemental Regierungs-

The name "Asia" is originally the name of a plant and means "six" and as weight unit in the equivalent value originally respresented "six Ackies".


Measurement equipment edit

Meant are measurement equipment pieces beside of the weights. Mostly such pieces are manufactured from brass-like copper alloys.

  • "Sania"
    "Sania"
  • "Otèré"
    "Otèré"
  • "Otèré"
    "Otèré"
  • "Otèré"
    "Otèré"
  • "Odáká"
    "Odáká"
  • "Odáká"
    "Odáká"
  • "Odáká"
    "Odáká"

Weights for the weighing of gold edit

Twi-language:
- Entity of the pieces of a gold weight set: "Abrammo" (collective name)
- Other trade weights: "Nkaribo" (plur.), "Karibo" (sing.)
- King weights: "Sannabo" (Royal state treasure or kassa = "Osanna")

Weight units (sort by name) edit

Shortcuts for the Akan-regions:
Gold Coast: AD = Adansi; AK = Akim, Akyem; AO = Aowin; ASH = Asante, Ashanti; ASS = Assin; BR = Brong; DK = Denkira, Denkyira; FA = Fante; SF = Sefwi; TW = Twifo, Tufel; NZ = Nzima, Zéma; WA = Wassaw, Wassa
Ivory Coast: AB = Abouré; AG = Agni, Anyi; AT = Atié; BA = Baulé; NZ = Zéma, Nzima

A edit

Name Equivalent,
theor. 		Region Author
Abanjua 15.6 g FA [2]
Abanjuasuru 7.8 g FA [2]
Acke 2.0 g Ivory Coast [6b]
Adamma 0.074 g NZ [2]
Adatpe 35.2 g NZ [2]
Adope 35.2 g NZ [2]
Agyelatwe 3.9 g NZ [2]
Agyiratwe (a) 3.6 g BR [2]
Agyiratwe (b) 3.81 g AK [4]
Agyiratwe (b) 3.89 g AK [4a]
Agyiratwe (c) 3.9 g AD, AK, ASH, ASS, BR, DK, FA, SF, TW, WA [2]
Agyiratwe (d) 3.94 g ASH [6]
Agyiratwe (e) 4.0 g AK [7]
Agyiratwe (f) 4.07 g ASH [5]
Agyiratwe (g) 4.125 g ASH [7]
Agyiratwe (h) 4.1373 g AK, ASH [7a]
Agyiratwefa (a) 1.8 g BR [2]
Agyiratwefa (b) 1.9 g AD, AK, ASH, ASS, BR, DK, FA, SF, TW, WA [2]
Agyiratwefa (c) 1.944 g AK [4a]
Agyiratwefa (d) 1.97 g ASH [6]
Agyiratwefa (e) 2.0 g AK [7]
Agyiratwefa (f) 2.03 g ASH [5]
Agyiratwefa (g) 2.0686 g AK, ASH [7a]
Agyirawotwe 3.9 g BR, DK, FA, TW, WA [2]
Akanjuasuru 6.6 g FA [2]
Ake 2.0 g AG, BA [6a]
Alanye 15.6 g NZ [2]
Alui 13.2 g AB, AT [2]
Ana (a) 15.6 g AB, AG, AT, AO, BA [2]
Ana (b) 16.00 g AG, BA [6a]
Ana ha 46.7 g AB, AT [2]
Ana mwa 31.1 g AB, AT [2]
Ana nsa (a) 46.7 g AG, AO, BA [2]
Ana nsa (b) 48.00 g AG, BA [6a]
Ana nyo (a) 31.1 g AG, AO, BA [2]
Ana-nyo (b) 32.00 g AG, BA [6a]
Anamfi 14.3 g DK, TW, WA [2]
Anamfisuru (a) 7.2 g ASH, BR, DK, TW, WA [2]
Anamfisuru (b) 7.66 g ASH [6]
Anan 15.800 g AG, BA [3]
Anan N’San (a) 45.990 g AG, BA [3]
Anan N'San (b) 47.390 g AG, BA [3]
Anan-Nyon 31.594 g AG, BA [3]
Ananasuru 7.8 g ASH [2]
Ananansuru 8.13 g ASH [5]
Anla 15.6 g AB, AT [2]
Anla nsa 46.7 g AB, AT, NZ [2]
Anla nwio 31.1 g NZ [2]
Anla nyo 31.1 g AB, AT [2]
Anlanye 15.6 g NZ [2]
Anlui 13.2 g AB, AT, AO [2]
Anlu nsa 39.6 g AB, AT [2]
Anlu nwio 26.4 g NZ [2]
Anlu nyo 26.4 g AB, AT [2]
Anlunyi 13.2 g NZ [2]
Anlunyi nsa 39.6 g NZ [2]
Anlunzue 6.6 g NZ [2]
Anlusue 6.6 g AB, AT [2]
Anra niua 32.00 g Ivory Coast [6b]
Anra niua metteba 34.00 g Ivory Coast [6b]
Anra nsa 46.7 g AG, BA [2]
Anra nyo 31.1 g AG, BA [2]
Anra san 48.00 g Ivory Coast [6a]
Anrae (a) 15.6 g AG, BA [2]
Anrae (b) 16.00 g Ivory Coast [6b]
Anrue 13.00 g Ivory Coast [6b]
Anrue san 39.00 g Ivory Coast [6b]
Anrui (a) 13.0 g Ivory Coast [6b]
Anrui (b) 13.2 g AB, AT [2]
Anrui mwa 26.4 g AB, AT [2]
Anrui nsa 39.6 g AG, BA [2]
Anrui nyo 26.4 g AG, BA [2]
Anui (a) 13.00 g AG, BA [6a]
Anui (b) 13.164 g AG, BA [3]
Anui (c) 13.2 g AG, AO, BA [2]
Anui ha 39.6 g AB, AT [2]
Anui-nsa (a) 39.00 g AG, BA [6a]
Anui nsa (b) 39.6 g (?) AG, BA [2]
Anui-N’San (a) 39.492 g AG, BA [3]
Anui-N'San (b) 41.247 g AG, BA [3]
Anui-nyo (a) 26.00 g AG, BA [6a]
Anui nyo (b) 26.4 g AG, AO, BA [2]
Anuisue (a) 6.50 g AG, BA [6a]
Anuisue (b) 6.6 g AG, AO, BA [2]
Anumia 26.00 g Ivory Coast [6b]
Anu zui 6.33 g Ivory Coast [6b]
Asa (a) 9.9 g AG, BA [2]
Asa (b) 10.00 g AG, BA [6a]
Asa nyo (a) 19.8 g AG, BA [2]
Asa nyo (b) 20.00 g AG, BA [6a]
Asamankamu 0.17 g FA [2]
Asensoa 2.9 g AD, ASS [2]
Asia (a) 9.9 g AB, AT [2]
Asia (b) 11.38 g ASH [4a],[6]
Asia (c) 11.7 g AD, ASH, ASS, BR, DK, SF, TW, WA [2]
Asia (d) 11.81 g AK [4a]
Asia (e) 12.0 g ASH [7]
Asia (f) 12.19 g ASH [5]
Asia (g) 12.4094 g ASH [7a]
Asia (h) 13.2 g AK [2]
Asia (i) 13.5 g AK [7]
Asia mwa 19.8 g AB, AT [2]
Asian 11.7 g FA [2]
Asia ne soa (a) 14.3 g AD, ASS [2]
Asia ne soa (b) 28.7 g FA [2]
Asoafa 1.4 g NZ [2]
Asoasa (a) 53.217 g ASH [3]
Asoasa (b) 53.314 g ASH [3]
Asoba (a) 2.9 g AG, BA, NZ [2]
Asoba (b) 3.0 g AG, BA [6a]
Assan 9.654 g AG, BA [3]
Asse 0.75 g AK, ASH [7]
Asse nua 20.00 g Ivory Coast [6b]
Asuaanu
(= Asuanu (a))		 35.00 g AK, ASH [4a],[6]
Asuanu (b) 35.2 g AD, AK, ASH, ASS, BR, DK, FA, TW, WA [2]
Asuanu (c) 36.0 g AK, ASH [7]
Asuanu (d) 36.60 g ASH [5]
Asuanu (e) 37.2283 g AK, ASH [7a]
Asuanu ne dwoa 46.7 g ASH [2]
Asuanu ne dwoasuru 43.0 g AD, AK, ASS [2]
Asuanu ne nsano 39.6 g AD, ASH, ASS, BR, DK, TW, WA [2]
Asuanu ne nsia 46.7 g FA [2]
Asuanu ne suru 43.0 g ASH, BR, DK, TW, WA [2]
Asuaasa
(= Asuasa (a))		 52.50 g AK, ASH [4a],[6]
Asuasa (b) 52.8 g AD, AK, ASH, ASS, BR, DK, FA, SF, TW, WA [2]
Asuasa (c) 54.0 g AK, ASH [7]
Asuasa (d) 54.4236 g AD, AK, ASH, ASS, BR, DK, FA, SF, TW, WA
Asuasa (e) 54.90 g ASH [5]
Asuasa (f) 55.8425 g AK, ASH
Asuasa (g) 55.8425 g AK, ASH [7a]
Asuasa ne suru 62.2 g AK, ASH, BR [2]
Atakpi (a) 21.243 g AG, BA [3]
Atakpi (b) 34.234 g BA [3]
Atakpi (c) 35.2 g AG, BA [2]
Atakpi (d) 36.00 g AG, BA [6a]
Atakpwe 35.2 g AB, AT [2]
Atape 35.2 g AO [2]
Atape bandiesu 39.6 g AO [2]
Atatue 35.2 g AG, BA [2]
Atekpe 35.2 g AG, BA [2]
Attatue 36.00 g Ivory Coast [6b]
Azane 9.9 g NZ [2]
Aziane 9.9 g NZ [2]

B edit

Name Equivalent,
theor. 		Region Author
Ba (a) 0.1463 g AG, BA [3]
Baa
(= Ba (b))		 0.17 g AB, AG, AT, AO, BA, NZ, SF [2]
Baa
(= Ba (c))		 0.33 g Ivory Coast [6b]
Ba buru (a) 1.65 g AB, AG. AT, BA, SF [2]
Ba buru (b) 1.66 g AG, BA [6a]
Ba buru ne ko 1.8 g AG, BA [2]
Ba buru ne ko ba buru n'taku 1.82 g AG, BA [6a]
Bae 0.33 g AO [2]
Bagoua n'dea 11.00 g Ivory Coast [6b]
Bagoua nde nua 22.00 g Ivory Coast [6b]
Bale 8.8 g AO, AT, BA, NZ [2]
Ba-mokue (a) 1.33 g AG, BA [6a]
Ba mokue (b) 1.4 g AB, AG, AT, BA [2]
Ba mwa 0.33 g AB, AT [2]
Ba-na 0.66 g AG, BA [6a]
Banbandea 10.8 g AB, AT [2]
Banbandea mwa 21.5 g AB, AT [2]
Banda 62.2 g AB, AT [2]
Ba n’damma (a) 0.26 g AG, AO, BA [2]
Baa n'damma
(= Ba n'damma (b))		 0.41 g Ivory Coast [6b]
Bandea 11.7 g AB, AG, AT, BA, NZ [2]
Ba ndea 24.00 g Ivory Coast [6b]
Bandea mwa 23.4 g AB, AT [2]
Bandea nwio 23.4 g NZ [2]
Bandea nyo 23.4 g AG, AO, BA [2]
Bandeasue 5.8 g AG, BA, SF [2]
Bandeazue 5.8 g NZ [2]
Bandezui 6.00 g Ivory Coast [6b]
Bandiesue 5.8 g AB, AT, AO [2]
Bandwoasuru 7.88 g ASH [6]
Bandya (a) 12.00 g AG, BA [6a]
Bandya (b) 12.286 g AG, BA [3]
Bandya-nyo 24.00 g AG, BA [6a]
Bandya-Nyon 24.573 g AG, BA [3]
Bandyasue (a) 6.00 g AG, BA [6a]
Bandya-Sué (b) 6.132 g AG, BA [3]
Bandya-Sué (c) 6.143 g AG, BA [3]
Bangbandea 10.8 g AG, BA [2]
Bangbandea nyo 21.6 g AG, BA [2]
Ba ngouna 1.50 g AG, BA [6b]
Banna (a) 62.2 g AG, BA, NZ [2]
Banna (b) 64.00 g Ivory Coast [6b]
Banna anrui nyo 88.0 g AG, BA [2]
Banna nwio 124.0 g NZ [2]
Banna nyo 124.0 g AG, BA [2]
Banna-Nyon 126.374 g AG, BA [3]
Ba-nsa 0.50 g AG, BA [6a]
Ba-nso 1.16 g AG, BA [6a]
Ba-nsyi 1.00 g AG, BA [6a]
Ba-nu 0.82 g AG, BA [6a]
Ba nyo 0.33 g AG, BA, SF [2],[6a]
Ba-Nyon 0.293 g AG, BA [3]
Ba-ogora 1.50 g AG, BA [6a]
Bare (a) 8.8 g AG, BA [2]
Bare (b) 9.00 g Ivory Coast [6b]
Bari (a) 8.118 g BA [3]
Bari (b) 8.432 g BA [3]
Bari (c) 8.8 g AG, BA [2]
Bari (d) 8.886 g AG, BA [3]
Bari (e) 9.00 g AG, BA [6a]
Bari (f) 9.215 g AG [3]
Ba san 0.50 g Ivory Coast [6b]
Ba sien 1.00 g Ivory Coast [6b]
Ba-Zien 0.878 g AG, BA [3]
Bele 8.8 g AB, AT [2]
Benda (a) 56.166 g AG, BA [3]
Benda (b) 62.2 g FA [2]
Benda-Nyon 112.333 g AG, BA [3]
Bende 62.2 g FA [2]
Bende ebien 124.0 g FA [2]
Bengoandea 10.8 g AO, NZ [2]
Bengoandea nwio 21.5 g NZ [2]
Benna (a) 64.0 g AK, ASH [7]
Benna (b) 66.1965 g AK, ASH [7a]
Bennaa (a) 61.25 g ASH [6]
Bennaa (b) 62.2 g AD, AK, AO, ASH, ASS, BR, DK, FA, NZ, SF, TW, WA [2]
Bennaa (c) 62.22 g AK [4a]
Bennaafa 31.1 g ASH, DK, SF, TW, WA [2]
Bennaa be dwoasuru 70.4 g AD, ASS [2]
Bennaa mienu 124.0 g ASH, DK, TW, WA [2]
Benna anan 256.0 g AK, ASH [7]
Bennaa ne 70.4 g AD, ASS [2]
Bennaa nyo 124.0 g AO [2]
Benna awotwe 512 g AK, ASH [7]
Bodoma 4.9 g BR, SF [2]
Bodomafa 2.5 g SF [2]
Bodomfa 2.54 g ASH [5]
Bodommo (a) 4.81 g ASH [6]
Bodommo (b) 4.86 g AK [4a]
Bodommo (c) 4.9 g AK, ASH, BR, DK, SF, TW, WA [2]
Bodommo (d) 5.0 g AK [7]
Bodommo (e) 5.08 g ASH [5]
Bodommo (f) 5.1706 g AK [7a]
Bodommo (g) 5.5 g ASH [7]
Bodommo (h) 5.6877 g ASH [7a]
Bodomofa 2.5853 g AK [7a]
Bodommofa (a) 2.41 g ASH [6]
Bodommofa (b) 2.43 g AK [4a]
Bodommofa (c) 2.5 g AD, AK, ASH, ASS, BR, DK, TW, WA [2],[7]
Bodommofa (d) 2.75 g ASH [7]
Bodommofa (e) 2.8438 g ASH [7a]
Bodumbo 4.9 g FA [2]
Bodumbufa 2.5 g FA [2]
Bolofo 3.6 g NZ [2]
Borofo (a) 3.50 g ASH [6]
Borofo (b) 3.6 g ASH, BR, FA [2]
Borofo (c) 3.9 g AD, AK, ASS, DK, TW, WA [2]
Borofofa 1.75 g ASH [6]
Borofou-N’Takou 3.730 g AG, BA [3]
Borofu 3.6 g AG, BA [2]
Brambalambo 2.9 g FA [2]
Bremanansuru (a) 7.8 g ASH [2]
Bremanansuru (b) 8.09 g ASH [6]
Brofa (a) 1.78 g ASH [5]
Brofa (b) 1.8 g ASH, BR, FA [2]
Brofa (c) 1.9 g AD, AK, ASS, DK, TW, WA [2]
Brofue 3.6 g AB, AT [2]
Broofa,
(= Brofa (a))		 1.78 g ASH [5]
Broofo 3.56 g ASH [5]

C edit

Name Equivalent,
theor. 		Region Author
none

D edit

Name Equivalent,
theor. 		Region Author
Dada 1.9 g FA [2]
Dadaako 1.9 g AD, ASH, ASS, FA [2]
Dama 0.08 g AG, BA [6a]
Damba 0.074 g FA [2]
Damba ebien 0.17 g FA [2]
Damma (a) 0.07 g ASH [6]
Damma (b) 0.074 g AB, AD, AG, AK, AO, ASH, ASS, AT, BA, BR, DK, SF, TW, WA [2]
Damma (c) 0.08 g AG, AK, BA [4a],[6b],[7]
Damma (d) 0.085 g ASH [5]
Damma (e) 0.0862 g AK, ASH [7a]
Damma m’pesa 0.11 g AB, AT [2]
De (a) 0.16 g AG, BA [6a]
De (b) 0.26 g AG, BA, NZ [2]
Dei 0.26 g AB, AO, AT, SF [2]
Dei damma 0.33 g AB, AT [2]
Dema 0.074 g AG, BA [2]
Dema 0.08 g AG, BA [6a]
De n'damma (a) 0.24 g Ivory Coast [6b]
De n’damma (b) 0.33 g AG, BA [2]
Deni 0.26 g AG, BA [2]
Deni ba ko 0.16 g AG, BA [6a]
Domma (a) 3.06 g ASH [6]
Domma (b) 3.30 g ASH, BR [2],[5]
Domma (c) 3.5 g ASH [7]
Domma (d) 3.6 g AD, AK, ASS, DK, SF, TW, WA [2]
Domma (e) 3.6194 g AK, ASH [7a]
Domma (f) 4.38 g AK [4a]
Domma (g) 4.5 g AK [7]
Domma (h) 4.6535 g AK, ASH [7a]
Domma ntaku anan 4.4 g AD, ASS [2]
Dommafa (a) 1.53 g ASH [6]
Dommafa (b) 1.65 g ASH, BR [2],[5]
Dommafa (c) 1.75 g ASH [7]
Dommafa (d) 1.8 g AD, AK, ASS, DK, SF, TW, WA [2]
Dommafa (e) 1.8097 g AK, ASH [7a]
Dommafa (f) 2.19 g AK [4a]
Dommafa (g) 2.25 g AK [7]
Dommafa (h) 2.3268 g AK, ASH [7a]
Dommasa ne suru (a) 12.2864 g
12.5818 g		 Ivory Coast
Dommasa ne suru (b) 12.74 g
12.8 g		 Gold Coast
Dumba 3.6 g FA [2]
Dumbafa 1.8 g FA [2]
Dwa 14.3 g NZ [2]
Dwa nsa 43.0 g NZ [2]
Dwa nwio 28.7 g NZ [2]
Dwoa (a) 13.13 g ASH [4a],[6]
Dwoa (b) 13.2 g AD, ASH, ASS, BR, DK, SF, TW, WA [2]
Dwoa (c) 13.73 g ASH [5]
Dwoa (d) 15.56 g AK [4a]
Dwoa (e) 15.6 g AK [2]
Dwoa ne domma (a) 16.5 g Gold Coast
Dwoa ne domma (b) 16.64 g Gold Coast
Dwoa ne domma (c) 16.644 g Ivory Coast
Dwoasuru (a) 6.56 g ASH [6]
Dwoasuru (b) 6.6 g ASH, BR, DK, SF, TW, WA [2]
Dwoasuru (c) 6.86 g ASH [5]
Dwoasuru (d) 7.78 g AK [4a]
Dwoasuru (e) 7.8 g AD, AK, ASS [2]
Dwowa (a) 13.13 g ASH [4a],[6]
Dwowa (b) 14.0 g ASH [7]
Dwowa (c)
(=Dwoa (d))		 15.56 g AK [4a]
Dwowa (d) 16.0 g AK [7]
Dwowa (e) 16.5491 g AK [7a]
Dwowasuru (a) 7.0 g ASH [7]
Dwowasuru (b) 8.0 g AK [7]
Dwowasuru (c) 8.2746 g AK [7a]

E edit

Name Equivalent,
theor. 		Region Author
Edea 11.7 g NZ [2]
Edeazue 17.6 g NZ [2]
Edema 0.074 g NZ [2]
Edoma 3.6 g AO, NZ [2]
Edomafa 1.8 g AO, NZ [2]
Edomma 3.6 g DK, TW, WA [2]
Eduma 3.6 g SF [2]
Edumafa 1.8 g SF [2]
Eduma taku anan 4.4 g SF [2]
Efiaso 3.3 g NZ [2]
Egwa abiessan 48.0 g AK, ASH [7]
Egyalawotwe 3.9 g NZ [2]
Egyirawotwe 3.9 g AO [2]
Ejua 15.6 g FA [2]
Ejua miensa 46.7 g FA [2]
Ejua mienu 31.1 g FA [2]
Elema 0.074 g NZ [2]
Elunzue 6.6 g NZ [2]
Enzouazan 4.33 g Ivory Coast [6b]
Enzouazan baa 4.66 g Ivory Coast [6b]
Epeleguane 70.4 g NZ [2]
Epereguan 70.4 g NZ [2]
Epereguan nsa 211.0 g NZ [2]
Epereguan nwio 141.0 g NZ [2]
Epowa 0.02 g FA [2]
Esa 9.9 g AG, AO, BA [2]
Esa nwio 19.8 g NZ [2]
Esa nyo 19.8 g AG, AO, BA [2]
Ese 9.9 g AB, AT [2]
Esia 11.7 g FA [2]
Esiaba 11.7 g FA [2]
Esiabo 11.7 g AD, ASS [2]
Esiabo mienu 23.4 g AD, ASS, BR, SF [2]
Esiabuo mienu 23.4 g ASH [2]
Esini 11.7 g FA [2]
Esinia 11.7 g FA [2]
Esoa 2.9 g AO, DK, NZ, TW, WA [2]
Esoafa 1.4 g AO [2]
Essan 10.00 g Ivory Coast [6b]
Esoba
(= Essoba (a))		 2.847 g AG, BA, NZ
Essoba (b) 2.852 g AG, BA [3]
Esoba
(= Essoba (c))		 2.9 g Ag, BA, NZ [2]
Essoba (d) 3.00 g Ivory Coast [6b]
Esua (a) 2.9 g SF [2]
Esua (b) 17.6 g AO, NZ [2]
Esua domma 21.5 g AO, SF [2]
Esuafa 1.4 g SF [2]
Esua ne suru 26.4 g SF [2]
Esuanu 35.2 g DK, TW, WA [2]
Esuanu ne nsano 39.6 g SF [2]
Esuanu ne suru 43.0 g SF [2]
Esuasa 52.8 g FA, SF [2]
Etea (a) 11.7 g AB, AG, AO, AT, BA [2]
Etea (b) 12.00 g Ivory Coast [6b]
Eteasue 17.6 g AG, AO, BA [2]
Eteku 0.17 g NZ [2]
Ette sui 18.00 g Ivory Coast [6b]
Etuabo 4.9 g NZ [2]

F edit

Name Equivalent,
theor. 		Region Author
Fiaso (a) 2.84 g ASH [6]
Fiaso (b) 3.05 g ASH [5]
Fiaso (c) 3.16 g AK [4a]
Fiaso (d) 3.25 g AK, ASH [7]
Fiaso (e) 3.3 g AD, AK, ASH, ASS, BR, DK, SF, TW, WA [2]
Fiaso (f) 3.3609 g AK, ASH [7a]
Fiasofa (a) 1.42 g ASH [6]
Fiasofa (b) 1.53 g ASH [5]
Fiasofa (c) 1.58 g AK [4a]
Fiasofa (d) 1.62 g AK, ASH [7]
Fiasofa (e) 1.65 g AD, AK, ASH, ASS, BR, DK, SF, TW, WA [2]

G/H edit

Name Equivalent,
theor. 		Region Author
Gagara 0.864 g Gold Coast [1c]
Gbagbandya
(= Gbangbandya (a))		 11.00 g AG, BA [6a]
Gbang-Bandya
(= Gbangbandya (b))		 11.388 g AG, BA [3]
Gbangbandya (c) 11.409 g AG, BA [3]
Gbagbandya-nyo 22.00 g AG, BA [6a]
Gua (a) 14.00 g AG, BA [6a]
Gua (b) 14.042 g AG, BA [3]
Gua (c) 14.3 g AB, AT [2]
Gua-nsa (a) 42.00 g AG, BA [6a]
Gua-N’San
(= Gua nsa (b))		 42.125 g AG, BA [3]
Gua nsa (c) 43.0 g AG, BA [2]
Gua-nyo (a) 28.00 g AG, BA [6a]
Gua nyo (b) 28.7 g (?) AG, BA [2]
Gua-Nyon (a) 28.083 g AG, BA [3]
Gua-Nyon (b) 28.908 g (?) AG, BA [3]
Gua-Nyon (c) 29.114 g AG, BA [3]

I/J edit

Name Equivalent,
theor. 		Region Author
Joa 14.3 g AB, AT [2]
Jua (a) 14.3 g AB, AO, AT [2]
Jua (b) 15.6 g FA [2]
Jua abien 31.1 g FA [2]
Jua ha 43.0 g AB, AT [2]
Jua mwa 28.7 g AB, AT [2]
Jua ne agyiratwe 19.8 g FA [2]
Jua ne metawa 17.6 g FA [2]
Jua nsa 43.0 AB, AO, AT [2]
Jua nyo 28.7 g AB, AO, AT [2]
Juasu 7.8 g FA [2]
Juasuru 7.8 g FA [2]

K edit

Name Equivalent,
theor. 		Region Author
Kanjua 13.2 g FA [2]
Kokoa (a) 0.145 g ASH [6]
Kokoa (b) 0.16 g AK, ASH [4a],[7]
Kokoa (c) 0.17 g AK, ASH, BR, DK, SF, TW, WA [2]
Kokoa (d) 0.1723 AK, ASH [7a]
Kokoa n’damma 0.26 g DK, TW, WA [2]
Kokodwoa 0.26 g SF [2]
Kokua 0.17 g FA [2]
Kpesaba 0.04 g AG, AO, BA, NZ [2],[6a]
Kpesewa 0.04 g NZ [2]
Kuabo (a) 4.9 g AG, BA [2]
Kuabo (b) 5.0 g AG, BA [6a]

L edit

Name Equivalent,
theor. 		Region Author
none

M edit

Name Equivalent,
theor. 		Region Author
Ma (a) 0.17 g AB, AG, AT, BA [2]
Ma-ba 1.50 g Ag, BA
Ma ko taku 0.16 g AG, BA [6a]
Ma-mokue (a) 1.33 g AG, BA [6a]
Ma mokue (b) 1.4 g AB, AG, AT, BA [2]
Ma-na 0.66 g AG, BA [6a]
Ma-nu 0.82 g AG, BA [6a]
Maa nwio
(= Ma nwio)		 0.33 g NZ [2]
Ma nyo 0.33 g AG, BA [2],[6a]
Ma-ogora 1.50 g AG, BA [6a]
Ma-za 0.50 g AG, BA [6a]
Ma-zo 1.16 g AG, BA [6a]
Ma-zyi 1.00 g AG, BA [6a]
Metawa 1.9 g FA [2]
Meteba 1.9 g AG, AO, BA, NZ [2]
Meteba nzyio 2.0 g AG, BA [6a]
Meteva 1.9 g AG, BA [2]
Metteba 2.0 g Ivory Coast [6b]
Metteba n'takou 2.16 g Ivory Coast [6b]
Metteva 2.0 g Ivory Coast [6b]
Metua 1.9 g FA [2]
Mokué (a) 1.460 g AG, BA [3]
Mokué (b) 2.341 g AG, BA [3]
Mokue (c) 2.66 g Ivory Coast [6b]
Mokué (d) 16.644 g AG, BA [3]
Mokue mwa 2.5 g AB, AT [2]
Mokue nyo 2.5 g AB, AG, AT, BA [2]
Mokueo 2.66 g AG, BA [6a]
Motwe nwio 2.5 g NZ [2]
Motwe nyo 2.5 g AO [2]
Mpereguan anan 282.0 g DK, SF, TW, WA [2]
Mpereguan anum 352.0 g DK, SF, TW, WA [2]
Mpresuru 9.9 g SF [2]

N edit

Name Equivalent,
theor. 		Region Author
Namfi (a) 14.3 g ASH, BR, DK, SF, TW, WA [2]
Namfi (b) 15.0 g ASH [7]
Namfisuru (a) 7.2 g ASH, BR, DK, TW, WA [2]
Namfisuru (b) 7.62 g ASH [5]
Nansua 15.6 g DK, FA, TW, WA [2]
Nansuafa 7.8 g DK, TW, WA [2]
Nansuru 7.8 g BR, DK, SF, TW, WA [2]
Ndalae na 211.0 g AO [2]
Ndalae nsa 158.0 g AO [2]
Ndalae nyo 106.0 g AO [2]
Nda-mokue 416.00 g AG, BA [6a]
Nda-na (a) 208.00 g AG, BA [6a]
Nda na (b) 211.0 g AG, BA, NZ [2]
N'Da-Nan 205.358 g AG, BA [3]
Nda nsa (a) 156.00 g AG, BA [6a]
Nda nsa (b) 158.0 g AB, AG, AT, BA, NZ [2]
N'Da-N'San
(= Nda nsa (c)		 189.562 g AG, BA [3]
Nda nu 260.00 g AG, BA [6a]
Nda nwio 106.0 g NZ [2]
N’Da-Nyon
(= Nda nyo (a))		 102.679 g AG, BA [3]
Nda nyo (b) 104.00 g AG, BA [6a]
Nda nyo (c) 106.0 g AB, AG, AT, BA [2]
Nda-nzyi 312.00 g AG, BA [6a]
Nda-nzo 364.00 g AG, BA [6a]
Nda-ogora 468.00 g AG, BA [6a]
Nzarazue (a)
(= Ndarasue (a))		 5.16 g Ivory Coast [6b]
N’Darasué
(= Ndarasue (b))		 5.266 g AG, BA [3]
Ndarasue (c) 5.4 g AG, BA [2]
Ndarasue (d) 5.66 g AG, BA [6a]
N'Darasué
(= Ndarasue (e)		 5.707 g AG, BA [3]
N'dua 14.00 g Ivory Coast [6b]
N'dua ba sien 15.00 g Ivory Coast [6b]
Ndua niua 28.00 g Ivory Coast [6b]
Ndua niua metteba 30.00 g Ivory Coast [6b]
Ndua san 42.00 g Ivory Coast [6b]
Njua 14.3 g NZ [2]
Njua nsa 43.0 g NZ [2]
Njua nwio 28.7 g NZ [2]
Njunia 2.33 g Ivory Coast [6b]
Nkokoa mmienu
(= Nkokoa mienu (a))		 0.328 g ASH [6]
Nkokoa mienu (b) 0.33 g AD, ASH, ASS, BR, DK, TW, WA [2]
Nkokoa mienu (c) 0.36 g AK [4a]
Nnama mienu 0.17 g BR [2]
Nnomanu (a) 5.25 g ASH [6]
Nnomanu (b) 5.4 g ASH, DK, TW, WA [2]
Nnoma nnu
(= Nnomanu (c))		 5.59 g ASH [5]
Nnomanu (d) 5.83 g AK [4a]
Nnomanu (e) 6.6 g BR [2]
Nnomanu (f) 7.2 g AK [2]
Nnwoa miensa 46.7 g FA [2]
Nnwoa mmienu
(= Nnwoa mienu)		 31.1 g;
31.11 g		 AK [2],[4a]
Nnwoa mienu ne dwoasuru 39.6 g AK [2]
Nnwowa mmienu (a)
(= Nwoa mienu (a))		 31.11 g AK [4a]
Nnwowa mmienu (b) 32.0 g AK, ASH [7]
Nnwowa mmienu ne dwowasuru 40.0 g AK, ASH [7]
Nsan 5.8 g AD, ASS, FA [2]
Nsano (a) 5.4 g AK [2]
Nsano (b) 5.69 g ASH [6]
Nsano (c) 5.8 g AK, ASH, ASS, BR, DK, SF, TW, WA [2]
Nsano (d) 6.0 g ASH [7]
Nsano (e) 6.10 g ASH [5]
Nsano (f) 6.2047 g AK, ASH [7a]
Nsano (g) 6.5 g AK, ASH [7]
Nsano (h) 7.29 g AK [4a]
Nsano (i) 7.5 g AK [7]
Nsano ne soafa 7.2 g AD, ASS [2]
Nsano suwafa 7.2 g SF [2]
Nsanosa ne domma (a) 20.6236 g Ivory Coast
Nsanosa ne domma (b) 20.7746 g Ivory Coast
Nsanosa ne domma (c) 20.8 g Gold Coast
Nsarasue 5.4 g AB, AT [2]
Nsia ha 2.9 g AB, AT [2]
Nsia mwa 1.9 g AB, AT [2]
Nsia nsa 2.9 g AB, AT [2]
Nsia nwio 1.9 g NZ [2]
Nsia nyo 1.9 g AB, AT [2]
Nsie nyo 1.9 g AG, BA [2]
Nso nsa
(= Nsoansa (a))		 3.3 g AB, AG, AT, BA [2]
Nso ansa
(= Nsoansa (b))		 4.38 g ASH [6]
Nsoansa (c) 4.4 g AD, AK, AO, ASH, ASS, BR, DK, FA, SF, TW, WA [2]
Nsoansa (d) 4.575 g ASH [5]
Nsoansafa (a) 2.19 g ASH [6]
Nsoansafa (b) 2.2 g AD, AK, ASH, ASS, BR, DK, FA, SF, TW, WA [2]
Nsoansafa (c) 2.29 g ASH [5]
Nsoansa ntaku anan 5.4 g AD, ASS [2]
Nsoanu 5.8 g AD, ASS [2]
Nso ha 3.3 g AB, AT [2]
Nso mwa 2.2 g AB, AT [2]
Nso nsa 3.3. g AB, AG, AT, BA [2]
Nso nsa n’ba 3.6 g AG, BA [2]
Nso nyo 2.2 g AB, AG, AT, AO, BA [2]
Nso wansa 4.38 g ASH [6]
Nso wansafa 2.19 g ASH [6]
Nsuansa 4.4 g AB, AG, AT, BA [2]
Nsuanu 35.2 g AD, ASS [2]
Nsu nsa 3.3 g AO, NZ [2]
Nsunsafa 1.65 g AO [2]
Nsu nwio 2.2 g NZ [2]
Ntaansa,
(= Ntansa (a))		 210.00 g AK, ASH [4a],[6]
Ntaanu (a) 140.00 g ASH [6]
Ntaanu (b) 141.0 g AD, AK, ASS, ASH, BR, DK, FA, SF, TW, WA [2]
Ntaanu abommen
(= Ntanu abommen)		 162.76 g ASH [6]
Ntaanu asuaanu
(= Ntanu asuanu (a))		 175.00 g AK, ASH [4a],[6]
Ntaanu asuanu
(=Ntanu asuanu (b))		 176.0 g AK, ASH, BR, DK, SF, TW, WA [2]
Ntaasa 210.00 g AK [4a]
Ntaku (a) 0.7756 g AK, ASH [7a]
1.2926 g AK, ASH [7a]
Ntaku akrun 2.9 g FA [2]
Ntaku anan (a) 0.88 g ASH [6]
Ntaku anan (b) 0.97 g AK [4a]
Ntakuo nnan
(= Ntaku anan (c))		 1.016 g ASH [5]
Ntaku anum (a) 1.09 g ASH [6]
Ntaku anum (b) 1.22 g AK [4a]
Ntakuo nnum (c) 1.27 g ASH [5]
Ntaku mmienu
(= Ntaku mienu (a))		 0.437 g ASH [6]
Ntaku mmienu (b) 0.486 g AK [4a]
Ntaku mmienu (c) 0.508 g ASH [5]
Ntaku mmiensa (a) 0.66 g ASH [6]
Ntaku mmiensa (b) 0.73 g AK [4a]
Ntaku mmiensa (c) 0.762 g ASH [5]
Ntaansa
(= Ntansa (a))		 210.00 g AK, ASH [4a],[6]
Ntansa (b) 211.0 g AD, AK, ASH, ASS, BR, DK, FA, SF, TW, WA [2]
Ntaanu esiabo mienu 158.0 g AD, ASS, ASH, BR, SF [2]
Ntaanu, Ntanau,
(= Ntanu (a))		 140.00 g AK, ASH [4a],[6]
Ntanu (b) 144.0 g AK, ASH [7]
Ntanu (c) 148.8913 g AK, ASH [7a]
Ntanu abommen 162.76 g ASH [6]
Ntaanu asuaanu
(= Ntanu asuanu (a))		 175.00 g AK, ASH [4a],[6]
Ntanu asuanu (b) 180.0 g AK, ASH [7]
Ntanu asuanu (c) 186.1416 g AK, ASH [7a]
Ntasa (a) 216,0 g AK, ASH [7]
Ntasa (b) 223.3699 g AK, ASH [7a]
Nwene 0.04 g FA [2]
Nwenefa 0.02 g FA [2]
Nwowa mienu (a) 31.11 g AK [4a]
Nwowa mmienu (b) 33.0982 g AK, ASH [7a]
Nyalazue 5.4 g NZ [2]
Nzarazue (a)
(= Ndarasue (a))		 5.16 g Ivory Coast [6b]
N’Zarasué (b)
(= Ndarasue (b))		 5.266 g AG, BA [3]
Nzarasue (c)
(= Ndarasue (c))		 5.4 g Ab, AG, AT, BA [2]
Nzelasue 5.4 g AO [2]
Nzelazue 5.4 g NZ [2]
N’Zié N’San
(= Nziensan)		 2.633 g AG, BA [3]
Nziensan 2.633 g AG, BA [3]
N’Zié Nyon 1.755 g AG, BA [3]
Nzoanza 4.4 g NZ [2]
Nzonzan baa 3.66 g Ivory Coast [6b]
Nzoo 2.33 g AG, BA [6a]
N’Zouazan Ba-Nyon 4.682 g AG, BA [3]
N’Zou N’san
(= Nzounsan (a))		 3.072 g AG [3]
Nzonzan
(= Nzounsan (b))		 3.33 g Ivory Coast [6b]
Nzouanzan
(= Nzounsan (c))		 3.61 g BA [3]
N'Zou N'San
(= Nzounsan (d))		 4.380 g AG, BA [3]
N'Zouasan
(= Nzounsan (e)		 4.389 g AG [3]
Nzouasan
(= Nzounsan (f)		 4.608 g BA [3]
N’Zou-Nsanfan 1.533 g AG, BA [3]
N'Zou N'Sanfan 1.536 g AG, BA [3]
Nzunza 3.33 g AG, BA [6a]
Nzunzafa 1.65 g NZ [2]
Nzwanza 4.33 g AG, BA [6a]

O edit

Name Equivalent,
theor. 		Region Author
Odomma 3,6 g AK [2]
Onamfi (a) 14,3 g ASH, BR [2]
Onamfi (b) 14.66 g ASH [4a],[6]
Onamfi (c) 15.25 g ASH [5]
Onansua (a) 15,6 g ASH, BR, DK, TW, WA [2]
Onansua (b) 15.75 g ASH [4a],[6]
Onansuaa
(= Onansua (c))		 16.27 g ASH [5]
Osuaa
(=Osua (a))		 17.50 g AK, ASH [4a],[6]
Osua (b) 17,6 g AD, AK, ASH, ASS, BR, DK, FA, SF, TW, WA [2]
Osua (c) 18.0 g AK, ASH [7]
Osuaa
(= Osua (d))		 18.30 g ASH [5]
Osua (e) 18.6142 g AK, ASH [7a]
Osuafa 8,8 g AD, ASS [2]
Osua ne agyiratwe 21,5 g AK [2]
Osua ne domma 21,5 g AD, AK, ASH, ASS, BR, DK, SF, TW, WA [2]
Osua ne dwoa 31,1 g ASH, BR [2]
Osua ne nsano 23,4 g DK, TW, WA [2]
Osua ne nsoansafa 19,8 g ASH [2]
Osua ne suru 26,4 g AD, AK, ASH, ASS, DK, TW, WA [2]
Osua ne suru ne bedommo 31,1 g AD, ASS [2]
Osua pa 17,6 g ASH [2]

P - Q edit

Name Equivalent,
theor. 		Region Author
Peleguan 70.4 g AO [2]
Peredwane (a) 70.00 g AK [4a]
Peredwane (b) 72.0 g AK, ASH [7]
Peredwane (c) 74.4566 g AK, ASH [7a]
Péréguan (a) 45.552 g BA [3]
Péréguan (b) 68.328 g AG [3]
Péréguan (c) 68.453 g BA [3]
Pereguan (d) 70.00 g ASH [6]
Péréguan (e) 70,080 g AG [3]
Péréguan (f) 70.208 g AG [3]
Pereguan (g) 70.4 g AD, AG, AK, ASH, ASS, AO, BA, BR, DK, FA, SF, TW, WA [2]
Péréguan (h) 70.956 g ASH [3]
Péréguan (i) 71.086 g ASH [3]
Pereguan (j) 73.20 g ASH [5]
Pereguan akron 630.00 g AK, ASH [4a],[6]
Pereguan anan (a) 280.00 g AK, ASH [4a],[6]
Pereguan anan (b) 282.0 g AD, ASH, ASS, BR [2]
Pereguan anum (a) 350.00 g AK, ASH [4a],[6]
Pereguan anum (b) 352.0 g AD, ASH, ASS, BR [2]
Pereguan asia (a) 79.2 g AD, ASH, ASS, AO, BR, DK, FA, SF, TW, WA [2]
Pereguan asia (b) 81.38 g ASH [6]
Pereguan asia (c) 420.00 g AK, ASH [4a],[6]
Pereguan ason 490.00 g AK, ASH [4a],[6]
Pereguan asuanu 106.0 g ASH, DK, FA, TW, WA [2]
Pereguan asuasaa (a) 122.50 g ASH [6]
Pereguan asuasa (b) 124.0 g ASH, DK, TW, WA [2]
Pereguan awotwe 560.00 g AK, ASH [4a],[6]
Pereguan du 700.00 g AK, ASK [4a],[6]
Pereguane 70.4 g SF [2]
Pereguan esiabo 79.2 g AD, ASS [2]
Pereguan fa 35.2 g AD, ASS [2]
Pereguan mienu 141.0 g AD, ASS, BR [2]
Pereguan nsa 211.0 g AG, AO, BA [2]
Péréguan-N'San 205.358 g AG, BA [3]
Pereguan nyo 141.0 AG, AO, BA [2]
Pereguan osua 88.0 g ASH, DK, TW, WA [2]
Pereguan tasuanu 176.0 g AD, ASS [2]
Peresu 9.9 g FA [2]
Peresuru (a) 9.84 g ASH [6]
Peresuru (b) 9.9 g AD, AK, ASH, ASS, BR, DK, FA, TW, WA [2]
Peresuru (c) 10.0 g ASH [7]
Peresuru (d) 10.3412 g AK, ASH [7a]
Peresuru mienu (a) 18.4296 g AB, AG, AT, BA [3]
Peresuru mienu (b) 18.72 g Gold Coast
Peresuru mienu (c) 18.7264 g AB, AG, AT, BA [3]
Pesa 0.04 g AB, AT, BR [2]
Pesewa (a) 0.036 g ASH [6]
Pesewa (b) 0.04 g AK, ASH, BR, DK, SF, TW, WA [2],[4a],[7]
Pesewa (c) 0.042 g ASH [5]
Pesewa (d) 0.0430 g AK, ASH [7a]
Pesua 0.04 g FA [2]
Pikini 0.074 g AG, BA [2]
Pikini ne kpesaba 0.11 g AG, BA [2]
Piresuru 9.9 g ASH, BR, FA [2]
Piwa 0.02 g FA [2]
Pouassaba 0.04 g Ivory Coast [6b]
Powa (a) 0.02 g AD, ASH, ASS, AO, BR, DK. TW, WA [2],[7]
Powa (b) 0.0215 g AK, ASH [7a]
Powa hu (a) 0.018 g ASH [6]
Powa hu (b) 0.02 g AK, ASH [2],[4a]
Presue 9.9 g SF [2]
Presuru (a) 9.9 g SF [2]
Presuru (b) 10.17 g ASH [5]
Puwa 0.02 g FA [2]

R edit

Name Equivalent,
theor. 		Region Author
none

S edit

Name Equivalent,
theor. 		Region Author
Samale 7.8 g AO [2]
Samalfa 3.9 g AG, BA [2]
Samare 7.8 g AG, BA [2]
Sempowa 0.11 g AD, ASH, ASS, AO, BR DK, FA, NZ, SF, WA [2]
Sempowa ebaasa 0.33 g FA [2]
Sempowa miensa 0.33 g AD, ASS, DK, WA, TW [2]
Sempowa nsa 0.33 g NZ, AO [2]
Simale 7.8 g AB, AO, AT, NZ [2]
Simalefa 3.9 g AB, AT [2]
Simbale 7.8 g AB, AT [2]
Simbalefa 3.9 g AB, AT [2]
Simbari (a) 7.8 g AG, BA [2]
Simbari (b) 7.898 g AG, BA [3]
Simbari (c) 8.00 g AG, BA [6a]
Simbarifa (a) 3.9 g AG, BA [2]
Simbarifa (b) 4.0 g AG, BA [6a]
Simbari-Fan 3.942 g BA [3]
Simbari-Fan 3.949 g AG, BA [3]
Simpua 0.11 g FA [2]
Soa (a) 2.62 g ASH [6]
Soa (b) 2.80 g ASH [5]
Soa (c) 2.9 g AD, AK, ASH, ASS, BR, DK, TW, WA [2]
Soa (d) 2.92 g AK [4a]
Soafa (a) 1.31 g ASH [6]
Soafa (b) 1.4 g AD, AK, ASH, ASS, BR, DK, TW, WA [2]
Soafa (c) 1.40 g ASH [5]
So afa
(= Soafa (d))		 1.46 g AK [4a]
Soansa 4.4 g FA [2]
Sowa (a) 2.62 g ASH [6]
Sowa (b)
(= Soa (d))		 2.92 g AK [4a]
Sowa (c) 3.0 g AK, ASH [7]
Sowa (d) 3.1024 g AK, ASH [7a]
Sowafa (a) 1.31 g ASH [6]
Sowafa (b) 1.46 g AK [4a]
Sowafa (c) 1.50 g AK, ASH [7]
Sowafa (d) 1.5512 g AK, ASH [7a]
Sua 17.6 g BR, DK, FA, SF TW, WA [2]
Sua ne domma 21.5 g BR, DK, TW, WA [2]
Sua ne dumba 21.5 g FA [2]
Sua ne suru (a) 26.4 g BR, FA, SF [2]
Sua ne suru (b) 28.7 g FA [2]
Suanu 35.2 g FA, SF [2]
Suanu ne suru 44.0 g Gold Coast
Suasa (a) 52.8 g BR [2]
Suasa (b) 53.2179 g ASH
Suasa (c) 54.4236 g AG, BA
Suasa (d) 54.6 g BR
Sudu 8.8 g AD, ASS, DK [2]
Sudu dommafa 10.8 g DK, WA, TW [2]
Suduo 8.75 g ASH [4a],[6]
Suduo ne dommafa 10.8 g AD, ASS, DK, TW, WA [2]
Suru (a) 8.75 g AK, ASH [4a],[6]
Suru (b) 8.8 g AD, AK, ASH, ASS, BR, DK, FA, SF, TW, WA [2]
Suru (c) 9.0 g AK, ASH [7]
Suru (d) 9.15 g ASH [5]
Suru (e) 9.3071 g AK, ASH [7a]
Suru dommafa 10.8 g SF [2]
Suru ne brofa 10.8 g AK [2]
Suru ne domma 11.7 g ASH [2]
Suru ne dommafa 10.8 g AD, AK, ASH, ASS, BR [2]
Suru ne dumbafa 10.8 g FA [2]
Surupa 8.8 g ASH [2]
Suwa 2.9 g FA, SF [2]
Suwafa 1.4 g FA, SF [2]

T edit

Name Equivalent,
theor. 		Region Author
Ta (a) 51.205 g BA [3]
Ta (b) 51.351 g BA [3]
Ta (c) 52.00 g AG, BA [6a]
Ta (d) 52.656 g AG [3]
Ta (e) 52.8 g AB, AO, AT, BA, NZ [2]
Ta (f) 54.00 g Ivory Coast [6b]
Ta (g) 70.00 g AK, ASH [4a],[6]
Ta (h) 70.4 g AD, AK, ASH, ASS, AK, BR, FA [2]
Ta adape 88.0 g AO [2]
Ta adatpe 88.0 g NZ [2]
Ta atakpi 88.0 g AG, BA [2],[6a]
Ta anlu nwio 79.2 g NZ [2]
Ta anrui nyo 79.2 g AG, BA [2]
Ta atatue 88.0 g AG, BA [2]
Ta buru (a) 520.00 g AG, BA [6a]
Ta buru (b) 528.0 g AG, BA [2]
Ta buru-nyo 1040.00 g AG, BA [6a]
Ta buru-sa 1560.00 g AG, BA [6a]
Takimansua (a) 10.69 g AK [4a]
Takimansua (b) 10.93 g ASH [4a],[6]
Takimansua (c) 11.0 g AK, ASH [7]
Takyimansuaa
(= Takimansua (d))		 11.18 g ASH [5]
Takimansua (e) 11.3753 g AK, ASH [7a]
Takimansua (f) 15.6 g ASH, DK, SF, TW, WA [2]
Takoufan 0.110 g AG, BA [3]
Takou N'San 0.657 g AG, BA [3]
Takou-Nsan 0.658 g AG, BA [3]
Takuo nsia 1.4 g AD, ASS [2]
Takou-Nyon 0.439 g AG, BA [3]
Takou-Nou (a) 11.607 g AG, BA [3]
Takou-Nou (b) 11.628 g AG, BA [3]
Taku (a) 0.17 g AB, AG, AT, AO, BA [2]
Taku (b) 0.21875 g ASH [4a],[6]
Taku, Takou (c) 0.2194 g AG, BA [3]
Taku (d) 0.24306 g AK [4a]
Taku (e) 0.25 g AK, ASH [7]
Taku (f) 0.254 g ASH [5]
Taku (g) 0.2585 g AK, ASH [7a]
Taku (h) 0.26 g AK, ASH, BR, DK, FA, SF, WA, TW [2]
Taku (i) 0.33 g FA [2]
Taku buru (a) 1.65 g AB, AG, AT, BA [2]
Taku-buru (b) 1.66 g AG, BA [6a]
Takufa (a) 0.11 g AK, ASH [2],[6]
Takufa (b) 0.125 g AK, ASH [7]
Takufa (c) 0.1293 g AK, ASH [7a]
Takufa (d) 0.26 g AD, ASS, FA [2]
Talae 7.2 g AO [2]
Tara 7.2 g AG, BA [2]
Tarae (a) 7.00 g Ivory Coast [6b]
Tarae (b) 7.2 g AG, BA [2]
Tasuaa
(= Tasua (a))		 87.50 g AK [4a]
Tasua (b) 88.0 g AD, AK, ASH, ASS, BR, DK, SF, TW, WA [2]
Tasuafa 44.2 g Gold Coast
Tasuaanu
(= Tasuanu (a))		 105.00 g AK, ASH [4a],[6]
Tasuanu (b) 106.0 g AD, AK, ASH, DK, BR SF, TW, WA [2]
Tasuanu (c) 108.0 g AK, ASH [7]
Techimansua 15.6 g BR [2]
Tea 11.7 g AB, AG, AO, AT, BA [2]
Teasue 17.6 g AB, AG, AT, BA [2]
Telanye 7.2 g NZ [2]
Tosua (a) 90.0 g AK, ASH [7]
Tosua (b) 93.0708 g AK, ASH [7a]
Tra (a) 7.00 g AG, BA [6a]
Tra (b) 7.021 g AG, BA [3]
Tra (c) 7.2 g AB, AG, AT, BA [2]
Tranye, Tranyi 7.2 g NZ [2]
Tuabo (a) 4.9 g Ag, AO, BA [2]
Tuabo (b) 5.00 g Ivory Coast [6b]
Tuabo ani ba san 5.16 g Ivory Coast [6b]
Tuesue 17.6 g AB, AT [2]
Tya (a) 12.00 g AG, BA [6a]
Tya (b) 12.286 g AG, BA [3]
Tya-Sué (a) 17.192 g BA [3]
Tya-Sué (b) 17.520 g AG [3]
Tya-Sué (c) 17.556 g AG, BA [3]
Tyasue (d) 18.00 g AG, BA [6a]

U-Z edit

Name Equivalent,
theor. 		Region Author
Zamalfan 4.00 g Ivory Coast [6b]
Zemare 8.00 g Ivory Coast [6b]

Weight units and weight pieces (sort by mass) edit

Mass equivalent: <1.0 g edit

theoretical equivalents:

- 0.018 g : Powa hu (a) [6]
- 0.02 g : Nwenefa [2]; Epowa [2]; Puwa [2]; Powa hu (b) [2],[4a]; Powa (a) [2],[7]; Piwa [2]
- 0.0215 g : Powa (b) [7a]
- 0.036 g : Pesewa (a) [6]
- 0.04 g : Nwene [2]; Kpesewa [2]; Kpesaba [2],[6a]; Pouassaba [6b]; Pesua [2]; Pesewa (b) [2],[4a],[7]; Pesa [2]
- 0.042 g : Pesewa (c) [5]
- 0.0430 g : Pesewa (d) [7a]
- 0.07 g : Damma (a) [6]
- 0.074 g : Adamma [2]; Dema (a) [2]; Damma (b) [2]; Damba [2]; Elema [2]; Edema [2]; Pikini [2]
- 0.08 g : Dema (b)[6a]; Damma (c) [4a],[6b],[7]; Dama [6a]
- 0.085 g : Damma (d) [5]
- 0.0862 g : Damma (e) [7a]
- 0.11 g : Damma m’pesa [2]; Simpua [2]; Sempowa [2]; Takufa (a) [2],[6]; Takoufan [3]; Pikini ne kpesaba [2]
- 0.125 g : Takufa (b) [7]
- 0.1293 g : Takufa (c) [7a]
- 0.145 g : Kokoa (a) [6]
- 0.1463 g : Ba (a) [3]
- 0.16 g : Deni ba ko [6a]; De (a) [6a]; Kokoa (b) [4a],[7]; Ma ko taku [6a]
- 0.17 g : Asamankamu [2]; Nnama mienu [2]; Baa (= Ba (b)) [2]; Damba ebien [2]; Eteku| [2]; Kokua [2]; Kokoa (c) [2]; Ma (a) [2]; Taku (a) [2]
- 0.1723 g : Kokoa (d) [7a]
- 0.21875 g : Taku (b) [4a],[6]
- 0.2194 g : Taku [3]; Takou (c) [3]
- 0.24 g : De n'damma (a) [6b]
- 0.24306 g : Taku (d) [4a]
- 0.25 g : Taku (e) [7]
- 0.254 g : Taku (f) [5]
- 0.2585 g : Taku (g) [7a]
- 0.26 g : Ba n’damma (a) [2]; Deni [2]; Dei [2]; De (b) [2]; Kokodwoa [2]; Kokoa n’damma [2]; Takufa (d) [2]; Taku (h) [2]
- 0.293 g : Ba-Nyon [3]
- 0.328 g : Nkokoa mmienu (= Nkokoa mienu (a)) [6]
- 0.33 g : Nkokoa mienu (b) [2]; Baa (= Ba (c)) [6b]; Ba nyo [2],[6a]; Ba mwa [2]; Bae [2]; De n’damma (b) [2]; Dei damma [2]; Ma nyo [2],[6a]; Maa nwio (= Ma nwio) [2]; Sempowa nsa [2]; Sempowa miensa [2]; Sempowa ebaasa [2]; Taku (i) [2]
- 0.36 g : Nkokoa mienu (c) [4a]
- 0.41 g : Baa n'damma (= Ba n'damma (b)) [6b]
- 0.437 g : Ntaku mmienu (= Ntaku mienu (a)) [6]
- 0.439 g : Takou-Nyon [3]
- 0.486 g : Ntaku mmienu (b) [4a]
- 0.50 g : Ba san [6b]; Ba-nsa [6a]; Ma-za [6a]
- 0.508 g : Ntaku mmienu (c) [5]
- 0.657 g : Takou N'San [3]
- 0.658 g : Takou-Nsan [3]
- 0.66 g : Ntaku mmiensa (a) [6]; Ba-na [6a]; Ma-na [6a]
- 0.73 g : Ntaku mmiensa (b) [4a]
- 0.75 g : Asse [7]
- 0.762 g : Ntaku mmiensa (c) [5]
- 0.7756 g : Ntaku (a) [7a]
- 0.82 g : Ba-nu [6a]; Ma-nu [6a]
- 0.864 g : Gagara [1c]
- 0.878 g : Ba-Zien [3]
- 0.88 g : Ntaku anan (a) [6]
- 0.97 g : Ntaku anan (b) [4a]

Mass equivalent: 1.0 - <3.0 g edit

Theoretical equivalents:

- 1.00 g : Ba sien [6b]; Ba-nsyi [6a]; Ma-zyi [6a]
- 1.016 g : Ntakuo nnan (= Ntaku anan (c)) [5]
- 1.09 g : Ntaku anum (a) [6]
- 1.16 g : Ba-nso [6a]; Ma-zo [6a]
- 1.22 g : Ntaku anum (b) [4a]
- 1.27 g : Ntakuo nnum (c) [5]
- 1.2926 g : Ntaku (b) [7a]
- 1.31 g : Sowafa (a) [6]; Soafa (a) [6]
- 1.33 g : Ba-mokue (a) [6a]; Ma-mokue (a) [6a]
- 1.40 g : Asoafa [2]; Ba mokue (b) [2]; Esuafa [2]; Esoafa [2]; Ma mokue (b) [2]; Suwafa [2]; Soafa (c) [5]; Soafa (b) [2]; Takuo nsia [2]
- 1.42 g : Fiasofa (a) [6]
- 1.46 g : Mokué (a) [3]; Sowafa (b) [4a]; So afa (= Soafa (d)) [4a]
- 1.50 g : Ba-ogora [6a]; Ba ngouna [6b]; Ma-ogora [6a]; Ma-ba [?]; Sowafa (c) [7]
- 1.53 g : Dommafa (a) [6]; Fiasofa (b) [5]
- 1.533 g : N’Zou-Nsanfan [3]
- 1.536 g : N'Zou N'Sanfan [3]
- 1.5512 g : Sowafa (d) [7a]
- 1.58 g : Fiasofa (c) [4a]
- 1.62 g : Fiasofa (d) [7]
- 1.65 g : Nzunzafa [2]; Nsunsafa [2]; Ba buru (a) [2]; Dommafa (b) [2],[5]; Fiasofa (e) [2]; Taku buru (a) [2]
- 1.66 g : Ba buru (b) [6a]; Taku-buru (b) [6a]
- 1.75 g : Borofofa [6]; Dommafa (c) [7]
- 1.755 g : N’Zié Nyon [3]
- 1.78 g : Broofa (= Brofa (a)) [5]
- 1.8 g : Agyiratwefa (a) [2]; Brofa (b) [2]; Ba buru ne ko [2]; Dumbafa [2]; Dommafa (d) [2]; Edumafa [2]; Edomafa [2]
- 1.8097 g : Dommafa (e) [7a]
- 1.82 g : Ba buru ne ko ba buru n'taku [6a]
- 1.9 g : Nsie nyo [2]; Nsia nyo [2]; Nsia nwio [2]; Nsia mwa [2]; Agyiratwefa (b) [2]; Brofa (c) [2]; Dadaako [2]; Dada [2]; Metua [2]; Meteva [2]; Meteba [2]; Metawa [2]
- 1.944 g : Agyiratwefa (c) [4a]
- 1.97 g : Agyiratwefa (d) [6]
- 2.0 g : Ake [6a]; Agyiratwefa (e) [7]; Acke [6b]; Metteva [6b]; Metteba [6b]; Meteba nzyio [6a]
- 2.03 g : Agyiratwefa (f) [5]
- 2.0686 g : Agyiratwefa (g) [7a]
- 2.16 g : Metteba n'takou [6b]
- 2.19 g : Nso wansafa [6]; Nsoansafa (a) [6]; Dommafa (f) [4a]
- 2.2 g : Nsu nwio [2]; Nso nyo [2]; Nso mwa [2]; Nsoansafa (b) [2]
- 2.25 g : Dommafa (g) [7]
- 2.29 g : Nsoansafa (c) [5]
- 2.3268 g : Dommafa (h) [7a]
- 2.33 g : Nzoo [6a]; Njunia [6b]
- 2.341 g : Mokué (b) [3]
- 2.41 g : Bodommofa (a) [6]
- 2.43 g : Bodommofa (b) [4a]
- 2.5 g : Bodumbufa [2]; Bodommofa (c) [2],[7]; Bodomafa [2]; Motwe nyo [2]; Motwe nwio [2]; Mokue nyo [2]; Mokue mwa [2]
- 2.54 g : Bodomfa [5]
- 2.5853 g : Bodomofa [7a]
- 2.62 g : Sowa (a) [6]; Soa (a) [6]
- 2.633 g : Nziensan [3]; N’Zié N’San (= Nziensan) [3]
- 2.66 g : Mokueo [6a]; Mokue (c) [6b]
- 2.75 g : Bodommofa (d) [7]
- 2.80 g : Soa (b) [5]
- 2.84 g : Fiaso (a) [6]
- 2.8438 g : Bodommofa (e) [7a]
- 2.847 g : Esoba (= Essoba (a)) [?]
- 2.852 g : Essoba (b) [3]
- 2.9 g : Ntaku akrun [2]; Nsia nsa [2]; Nsia ha [2]; Asoba (a) [2]; Asensoa [2]; Brambalambo [2]; Esua (a) [2]; Esoba (= Essoba (c)) [2]; Esoa [2]; Suwa [2]; Soa (c) [2]
- 2.92 g : Sowa (b) (= Soa (d)) [4a]; Soa (d) [4a]

Mass euqivalent: 3.0 - <5.0 g edit

Theoretical equivalents:

- 3.0 g : Asoba (b) [6a]; Essoba (d) [6b]; Sowa (c) [7]
- 3.05 g : Fiaso (b) [5]
- 3.06 g : Domma (a) [6]
- 3.072 g : N’Zou N’san (= Nzounsan (a))| [3]
- 3.1024 g : Sowa (d) [7a]
- 3.16 g : Fiaso (c) [4a]
- 3.25 g : Fiaso (d) [7]
- 3.30 g : Nsu nsa [2]; Nso nsa [2]; Nso ha [2]; Nso nsa (= Nsoansa (a)) [2]; Domma (b) [2],[5]; Efiaso [2]; Fiaso (e) [2]
- 3.33 g : Nzunza [6a]; Nzonzan (= Nzounsan (b)) [6b]
- 3.3609 g : Fiaso (f) [7a]
- 3.50 g : Borofo (a) [6]; Domma (c) [7]
- 3.56 g : Broofo [5]
- 3.6 g : Nso nsa n’ba [2]; Agyiratwe (a) [2]; Brofue [2]; Borofu [2]; Borofo (b) [2]; Bolofo [2]; Dumba [2]; Domma (d) [2]; Eduma [2]; Edomma [2]; Edoma [2]; Odomma [2]
- 3.61 g : Nzouanzan (= Nzounsan (c)) [3]
- 3.6194 g : Domma (e) [7a]
- 3.66 g : Nzonzan baa [6b]
- 3.73 g : Borofou-N’Takou [3]
- 3.81 g : Agyiratwe (b) [4]
- 3.89 g : Agyiratwe (b) [4a]
- 3.9 g : Agyirawotwe [2]; Agyiratwe (c)) [2]; Agyelatwe [2]; Borofo (c) [2]; Egyirawotwe [2]; Egyalawotwe [2]; Simbarifa (a) [2]; Simbalefa [2]; Simalefa [2]; Samalfa [2]
- 3.94 g : Agyiratwe (d) [6]
- 3.942 g : Simbari-Fan [3]
- 3.949 g : Simbari-Fan [3]
- 4.00 g : Agyiratwe (e) [7]; Simbarifa (b) [6a]; Zamalfan [6b]
- 4.07 g : Agyiratwe (f) [5]
- 4.125 g : Agyiratwe (g) [7]
- 4.13 g : Agyiratwe (h) [7a]
- 4.33 g : Nzwanza [6a]; Enzouazan [6b]
- 4.380 g : N'Zou N'San (= Nzounsan (d)) [3]; Nso wansa [6]; Nso ansa (= Nsoansa (b)) [6]; Domma (f) [4a]
- 4.389 g : N'Zouasan (= Nzounsan (e)) [3]
- 4.4 g : Nzoanza [2]; Nsuansa [2]; Nsoansa (c) [2]; Domma ntaku anan [2]; Eduma taku anan [2]; Soansa [2]
- 4.5 g : Domma (g) [7]
- 4.575 g : Nsoansa (d) [5]
- 4.608 g : Nzouasan (= Nzounsan (f)) [3]
- 4.6535 g : Domma (h) [7a]
- 4.66 g : Enzouazan baa [6b]
- 4.682 g : N’Zouazan Ba-Nyon [3]
- 4.81 g : Bodommo (a) [6]
- 4.86 g : Bodommo (b) [4a]
- 4.9 g : Bodumbo [2]; Bodommo (c) [2]; Bodoma [2]; Etuabo [2]; Kuabo (a) [2]; Tuabo (a) [2]

Mass equivalent: 5.0 - <8.0 g edit

Theoretical equivalents:

- 5.0 g : Bodommo (d) [7]; Kuabo (b) [6a]; Tuabo (b) [6b]
- 5.08 g : Bodommo (e) [5]
- 5.16 g : Nzarazue (a) (= Ndarasue (a)) [6b]; Nzarazue (a) (= Ndarasue (a)) [6b]; Tuabo ani ba san [6b]
- 5.1706 g : Bodommo (f) [7a]
- 5.25 g : Nnomanu (a) [6]
- 5.266 g : N’Zarasué (b) (= Ndarasue (b)) [3]; N’Darasué (= Ndarasue (b)) [3]
- 5.4 g : Nzelazue [2]; Nzelasue [2]; Nzarasue (c) (= Ndarasue (c)) [2]; Nyalazue [2]; Nsoansa ntaku anan [2]; Nsarasue [2]; Nsano (a) [2]; Nnomanu (b) [2]; Ndarasue (c) [2]
- 5.5 g : Bodommo (g) [7]
- 5.59 g : Nnoma nnu (= Nnomanu (c)) [5]
- 5.66 g : Ndarasue (d) [6a]
- 5.6877 g : Bodommo (h) [7a]
- 5.69 g : Nsano (b) [6]
- 5.707 g : N'Darasué (= Ndarasue (e) [3]
- 5.8 g : Nsoanu [2]; Nsano (c) [2]; Nsan [2]; Bandiesue [2]; Bandeazue [2]; Bandeasue [2]
- 5.83 g : Nnomanu (d) [4a]
- 6.00 g : Nsano (d) [7]; Bandyasue (= Bandya-Sué (a)) [6a]; Bandezui [6b]
- 6.10 g : Nsano (e) [5]
- 6.132 g : Bandya-Sué (b) [3]
- 6.143 g : Bandya-Sué (c) [3]
- 6.2047 g : Nsano (f) [7a]
- 6.33 g : Anu zui [6b]
- 6.50 g : Anuisue (a) [6a]; Nsano (g) [7]
- 6.56 g : Dwoasuru (a) [6]
- 6.6 g : Nnomanu (e) [2]; Anuisue (b) [2]; Anlusue [2]; Anlunzue [2]; Akanjuasuru [2]; Dwoasuru (b) [2]; Elunzue [2]
- 6.86 g Dwoasuru (c) [5]
- 7.0 g : Dwowasuru (a) [7]; Tra (a) [6a]; Tarae (a) [6b]
- 7.021 g : Tra (b) [3]
- 7.2 g : Namfisuru (a) [2]; Nsano suwafa [2]; Nsano ne soafa [2]; Nnomanu (f) [2]; Anamfisuru (a) [2]; Tranye [2]; Tra (c) [2]; Telanye [2]; Tarae (b) [2]; Tara [2]; Talae [2]
- 7.29 g : Nsano (h) [4a]
- 7.5 g : Nsano (i) [7]
- 7.62 g : Namfisuru (b) [5]
- 7.66 g : Anamfisuru (b) [6]
- 7.78 g : Dwoasuru (d) [4a]
- 7.8 g : Nansuru [2]; Nansuafa [2]; Ananasuru [2]; Abanjuasuru [2]; Bremanansuru (a) [2]; Dwoasuru (e) [2]; Juasuru [2]; Juasu [2]; Simbari (a) [2]; Simbale [2]; Simale [2]; Samare [2]; Samale [2]
- 7.88 g : Bandwoasuru [6]
- 7.898 g : Simbari (b) [3]

Real weight of particular pieces:

Mass equivalent: 8.0 - <12.0 g edit

Theoretical equivalents:

- 8.00 g : Dwowasuru (b) [7]; Simbari (c) [6a]; Zemare [6b]
- 8.09 g : Bremanansuru (b) [6]
- 8.118 g : Bari (a) [3]
- 8.13 g : Ananansuru [5]
- 8.2746 g : Dwowasuru (c) [7a]
- 8.432 g : Bari (b) [3]
- 8.75 g : Suru (a) [4a],[6]; Suduo [4a],[6]
- 8.8 g : Bele [2]; Bari (c) [2]; Bare (a) [2]; Bale [2]; Osuafa [2]; Surupa [2]; Suru (b) [2]; Sudu [2]
- 8.886 g : Bari (d) [3]
- 9.00 g : Bari (e) [6a]; Bare (b) [6b]; Suru (c) [7]
- 9.15 g : Suru (d) [5]
- 9.215 g : Bari (f) [3]
- 9.3071 g : Suru (e) [7a]
- 9.654 g : Assan [3]
- 9.84 g : Peresuru (a) [6]
- 9.9 g : Aziane [2]; Azane [2]; Asia (a) [2]; Asa (a) [2]; Ese [2]; Esa [2]; Mpresuru [2]; Presuru (a) [2]; Presue [2]; Piresuru [2]; Peresuru (b) [2]; Peresu [2]
- 10.00 g : Asa (b) [6a]; Essan [6b]; Peresuru (c) [7]
- 10.17 g : Presuru (b) [5]
- 10.3412 g : Peresuru (d) [7a]
- 10.69 g : Takimansua (a) [4a]
- 10.8 g : Bengoandea [2]; Bangbandea [2]; Banbandea [2]; Suru ne dumbafa [2]; Suru ne dommafa [2]; Suru ne brofa [2]; Suru dommafa [2]; Suduo ne dommafa [2]; Sudu dommafa [2]
- 10.93 g : Takimansua (b) [4a],[6]
- 11.00 g : Bagoua n'dea [6b]; Gbagbandya (= Gbangbandya (a)) [6a]; Takimansua (c) [7]
- 11.18 g : Takyimansuaa (= Takimansua (d)) [5]
- 11.3753 g : Takimansua (e) [7a]
- 11.38 g : Asia (b) [4a],[6]
- 11.388 g : Gbang-Bandya (= Gbangbandya (b)) [3]
- 11.409 g : Gbangbandya (c) [3]
- 11.607 g : Takou-Nou (a) [3]
- 11.628 g : Takou-Nou (b) [3]
- 11.7 g : Asian [2]; Asia (c) [2]; Bandea [2]; Etea (a) [2]; Esinia [2]; Esini [2]; Esiabo [2]; Esiaba [2]; Esia [2]; Edea [2]; Suru ne domma [2]; Tea [2]
- 11.81 g : Asia (d) [4a]

Real weight of particular pieces:

Mass equivalent: 12.0 - <20.0 g edit

Theoretical equivalents:

- 12.00 g : Asia (e) [7]; Bandya (a) [6a]; Etea (b) [6b]; Tya (a) [6a]
- 12.19 g : Asia (f) [5]
- 12.286 g : Bandya (b) [3]; Tya (b) [3]
- 12.2864 g : Dommasa ne suru (a) [?]
- 12.4094 g : Asia (g) [7a]
- 12.5818 g : Dommasa ne suru (b) [?]
- 12.74 g : Dommasa ne suru (b) [?]
- 13.00 g : Anui (a) [6a]; Anrui (a) [6b]; Anrue [6b]
- 13.13 g : Dwoa (a) [4a],[6]; Dwowa (a) [4a],[6]
- 13.164 g : Anui (b) [3]
- 13.2 g : Asia (h) [2]; Anui (c) [2]; Anrui (b) [2]; Anlunyi [2]; Anlui [2]; Alui [2]; Dwoa (b) [2]; Kanjua [2]
- 13.5 g : Asia (i) [7]
- 13.73 g : Dwoa (c) [5]
- 14.00 g : N'dua [6b]; Dwowa (b) [7]; Gua (a) [6a]
- 14.042 g : Gua (b) [3]
- 14.3 g : Namfi (a) [2]; Njua [2]; Asia ne soa [2]; Anamfi [2]; Dwa [2]; Gua (c) [2]; Jua (a) [2]; Joa [2]; Onamfi (a) [2]
- 14.66 g : Onamfi (b) [4a],[6]
- 15.00 g : N'dua ba sien [6b]; Namfi (b) [7]
- 15.25 g : Onamfi (c) [5]
- 15.56 g : Dwowa (c) (=Dwoa (d)) [4a]; Dwoa (d) [4a]
- 15.6 g : Nansua [2]; Anrae (a) [2]; Anlanye [2]; Anla [2]; Ana (a) [2]; Alanye [2]; Abanjua [2]; Dwoa (e) [2]; Ejua [2]; Jua (b) [2]; Onansua (a) [2]; Techimansua [2]; Takimansua (f) [2]
- 15.75 g : Onansua (b) [4a],[6]
- 15.8 g : Anan [3]
- 16.0 g : Dwowa (d) [7]; Anrae (b) [6b]; Ana (b) [6a]
- 16.27 g : Onansuaa (= Onansua (c)) [5]
- 16.5 g : Dwoa ne domma (a) [?]
- 16.5491 g : Dwowa (e) [7a]
- 16.64 g : Dwoa ne domma (b) [?]
- 16.644 g : Dwoa ne domma (c) [?]; Mokué (d) [3]
- 17.192 g : Tya-Sué (a) [3]
- 17.50 g : Osuaa (=Osua (a)) [4a],[6]
- 17.520 g : Tya-Sué (b) [3]
- 17.556 g : Tya-Sué (c) [3]
- 17.6 g : Eteasue [2]; Esua (b) [2]; Edeazue [2]; Jua ne metawa [2]; Osua pa [2]; Osua (b) [2]; Sua [2]; Tuesue [2]; Teasue [2]
- 18.00 g : Ette sui [6b]; Osua (c) [7]; Tyasue (d) [6a]
- 18.30 g : Osuaa (= Osua (d)) [5]
- 18.4296 g : Peresuru mienu (a) [3]
- 18.6142 g : Osua (e) [7a]
- 18.72 g : Peresuru mienu (b) [?]
- 18.7264 g : Peresuru mienu (c) [3]
- 19.8 g : Asia mwa [2]; Asa nyo (a) [2]; Esa nyo [2]; Esa nwio [2]; Jua ne agyiratwe [2]; Osua ne nsoansafa [2]

Real weight of particular pieces:

Mass equivalent: 20.0 - <30.0 g edit

Theoretical equivalents:

- 20.00 g : Asse nua [6b]; Asa nyo (b) [6a]
- 20.6236 g : Nsanosa ne domma (a) [?]
- 20.7746 g : Nsanosa ne domma (b) [?]
- 20.8 g : Nsanosa ne domma (c) [?]
- 21.243 g : Atakpi (a) [3]
- 21.5 g : Bengoandea nwio [2]; Banbandea mwa [2]; Esua domma [2]; Osua ne domma [2]; Osua ne agyiratwe [2]; Sua ne dumba [2]; Sua ne domma [2]
- 21.6 g : Bangbandea nyo [2]
- 22.00 g : Bagoua nde nua [6b]; Gbagbandya-nyo [6a]
- 23.4 g : Bandea nyo (a) [2]; Bandea nwio [2]; Bandea mwa [2]; Esiabuo mienu [2]; Esiabo mienu [2]; Osua ne nsano [2]
- 24.00 g : Bandya-nyo (= Bandea nyo (b)) [6a]; Ba ndea [6b]
- 24.573 g : Bandya-Nyon [3]
- 26.00 g : Anumia [6b]; Anui-nyo (a) [6a]
- 26.4 g : Anui nyo (b) [2]; Anrui nyo [2]; Anrui mwa [2]; Anlu nyo [2]; Anlu nwio [2]; Esua ne suru [2]; Osua ne suru [2]; Sua ne suru (a) [2]
- 28.00 g : Ndua niua [6b]; Gua-nyo (a) [6a]
- 28.083 g : Gua-Nyon (a) [3]
- 28.7 g : Gua nyo (b) [2]; Njua nwio [2]; Asia ne soa [2]; Dwa nwio [2]; Jua nyo [2]; Jua mwa [2]; Sua ne suru (b) [2]
- 28.908 g : Gua-Nyon (b) [3]
- 29.114 g : Guy-Nyon (c) [3]

Real weight of particular pieces:

Mass equivalent: 30.0 - <50.0 g edit

Theoretical equivalents:

- 30.00 g : Ndua niua metteba [6b]
- 31.1 g : Nnwoa mmienu (= Nnwoa mienu) [2],[4a]; Anra nyo [2]; Anla nyo [2]; Anla nwio [2]; Ana nyo (a) [2]; Ana mwa [2]; Bennaafa [2]; Ejua mienu [2]; Jua abien [2]; Osua ne suru ne bedommo [2]; Osua ne dwoa [2]
- 31.11 g : Nwowa mienu (a) [4a]; Nnwowa mmienu (a) (= Nwoa mienu (a)) [4a]
- 31.594 g : Anan-Nyon [3]
- 32.00 g : Nnwowa mmienu (b) [7]; Anra niua [6b]; Ana-nyo (b) [6a]
- 33.0982 g : Nwowa mmienu (b) [7a]
- 34.00 g : Anra niua metteba [6b]
- 34.234 g : Atakpi (b) [3]
- 35.00 g : Asuaanu (= Asuanu (a)) [4a],[6]
- 35.2 g : Nsuanu [2]; Atekpe [2]; Atatue [2]; Atape [2]; Atakpwe [2]; Atakpi (c) [2]; Asuanu (b) [2]; Adope [2]; Adatpe [2]; Esuanu [2]; Suanu [2]; Pereguan fa [2]
- 36.00 g : Attatue [6b]; Atakpi (d) [6a]; Asuanu (d) [5]; Asuanu (c) [7]
- 37.2283 g : Asuanu (e) [7a]
- 39.00 g : Anui-nsa (a) [6a]; Anrue san [6b]
- 39.492 g : Anui-N’San (a) [3]
- 39.6 g : Asuanu ne nsano [2]; Nnwoa mienu ne dwoasuru [2]; Atape bandiesu [2]; Anui nsa (b) [2]; Anui ha [2]; Anrui nsa [2]; Anlunyi nsa [2]; Anlu nsa [2]; Esuanu ne nsano [2]
- 40.0 g : Nnwowa mmienu ne dwowasuru [7]
- 41.247 g : Anui-N'San (b) [3]
- 42.00 g : Ndua san [6b]; Gua-nsa (a) [6a]
- 42.125 g : Gua-N’San (= Gua nsa (b)) [3]
- 43.0 g : Njua nsa [2]; Asuanu ne suru [2]; Asuanu ne dwoasuru [2]; Dwa nsa [2]; Esuanu ne suru [2]; Gua nsa (c) [2]; Jua nsa [2]; Jua ha [2]
- 44.0 g : Suanu ne suru [?]
- 44.2 g : Tasuafa [?]
- 45.552 g : Péréguan (a) [3]
- 45.990 g : Anan N’San (a) [3]
- 46.7 g : Nnwoa miensa [2]; Asuanu ne nsia [2]; Asuanu ne dwoa [2]; Anra nsa [2]; Anla nsa [2]; Ana nsa (a) [2]; Ana ha [2]; Ejua miensa [2]
- 47.390 g : Anan N'San (b) [3]
- 48.00 g : Anra san [6a]; Ana nsa (b) [6a]; Egwa abiessan [7]

Real weight of particular pieces:

Mass equivalent: 50.0 - <100.0 g edit

Theoretical equivalents:

- 51.205 g : Ta (a) (a) [3]
- 51.351 g : Ta (b) [3]
- 52.00 g : Ta (c) [6a]
- 52.50 g : Asuaasa (= Asuasa (a)) [4a],[6]
- 52.656 g : Ta (d) [3]
- 52.8 g : Asuasa (b) [2]; Esuasa [2]; Suasa (a) [2]; Ta (e) [2]
- 53.217 g : Asoasa (a) [3]
- 53.2179 g : Suasa (b) [?]
- 53.3 g : Asoasa (b) [3]
- 54.0 g : Asuasa (c) [7]; Ta (f) [6b]
- 54.4236 g : Asuasa (d) [2]; Suasa (c) [?]
- 54.6 g : Suasa (d) [?]
- 54.90 g : Asuasa (e) [5]
- 55.8425 g : Asuaasa (= Asuasa (g) [7a]; Asuasa (f) [7a]
- 56.166 g : Benda (a) [3]
- 61.25 g : Bennaa (a) [6]
- 62.2 g : Asuasa ne suru [2]; Bennaa (b) [2]; Bende [2]; Benda (b) [2]; Banna (a) [2]; Banda [2]
- 62.22 g : Bennaa (c) [4a]
- 64.00 g : Benna (a) [7]; Banna (b) [6b]
- 66.19 g : Benna (b) [7a]
- 68.328 g : Péréguan (b) [3]
- 68.453 g : Péréguan (c) [3]
- 70.00 g : Ta (g) [4a],[6]; Pereguan (d) [6]; Peredwane (a) [4a]
- 70.080 g : Péréguan (e) [3]
- 70.208 g : Péréguan (f) [3]
- 70.4 g : Bennaa ne [2]; Bennaa be dwoasuru [2]; Epereguan [2]; Epeleguane [2]; Ta (h) [2]; Pereguane [2]; Pereguan (g) [2]; Peleguan [2]
- 70.9 g : Péréguan (h) [3]
- 71.086 g : Péréguan (i) [3]
- 72.0 g : Peredwane (b) [7]
- 73.20 g : Pereguan (j) [5]
- 74.4566 g : Peredwane (c) [7a]
- 79.2 g : Ta anrui nyo [2]; Ta anlu nwio [2]; Pereguan esiabo [2]; Pereguan asia (a) [2]
- 81.38 g : Pereguan asia (b) [6]
- 87.50 g : Tasuaa (= Tasua (a)) [4a]
- 88.0 g : Banna anrui nyo [2]; Tasua (b) [2]; Ta atatue [2]; Ta atakpi [2],[6a]; Ta adatpe [2]; Ta adape [2]; Pereguan osua [2]
- 90.0 g : Tosua (a) [7]
- 93.0708 g : Tosua (b) [7a]

Real weight of particular pieces:

Mass equivalent: 100.0 - <200.0 g edit

Theoretical equivalents:

- 102.679 g : N’Da-Nyon (= Nda nyo (a)) [3]
- 104.00 g : Nda nyo (b) [6a]
- 105.00 g : Tasuaanu (= Tasuanu (a)) [4a],[6]
- 106.0 g : Nda nyo (c) [2]; Nda nwio [2]; Ndalae nyo [2]; Tasuanu (b) [2]; Pereguan asuanu [2]
- 108.0 g : Tasuanu (c) [7]
- 112.333 g : Benda-Nyon [3]
- 122.50 g : Pereguan asuasaa (a) [6]
- 124.0 g : Bennaa nyo [2]; Bennaa mienu [2]; Bende ebien [2]; Banna nyo [2]; Banna nwio [2]; Pereguan asuasa (b) [2]
- 126.324 g : Banna-Nyon [3]
- 140.00 g : Ntaanu, Ntanau (= Ntanu (a)) [4a],[6]; Ntaanu (a) [6]
- 141.0 g : Ntaanu (b) [2]; Epereguan nwio [2]; Pereguan nyo [2]; Pereguan mienu [2]
- 144.0 g : Ntanu (b) [7]
- 148.8913 g : Ntanu (c) [7a]
- 156.00 g : Nda nsa (a) [6a]
- 158.0 g : Ntaanu esiabo mienu [2]; Nda nsa (b) [2]; Ndalae nsa [2]
- 162.76 g : Ntanu abommen [6]; Ntaanu abommen (= Ntanu abommen) [6]
- 175.00 g : Ntaanu asuaanu (= Ntanu asuanu (a)) [4a],[6]; Ntaanu asuaanu (= Ntanu asuanu (a)) [4a],[6]
- 176.0 g : Ntaanu asuanu (=Ntanu asuanu (b)) [2]; Pereguan tasuanu [2]
- 180.1416 g : Ntanu asuanu (b) [7]
- 186.1416 g : Ntanu asuanu (c) [7a]
- 189.562 g : N'Da-N'San (= Nda nsa (c)) [3]

Real weight of particular pieces:

Mass equivalent: > 200 g edit

theoretical equivalents:

- 205.358 g : Péréguan-N'San [3]
- 205.358 g : N'Da-Nan [3]
- 208.00 g : Nda-na (a) [6a]
- 210.00 g : Ntaansa (= Ntansa (a)) [4a],[6]; Ntaasa [4a]; Ntaansa (= Ntansa (a)) [4a],[6]
- 211.0 g : Ntansa (b) [2]; Nda na (b) [2]; Ndalae na [2]; Epereguan nsa [2]; Pereguan nsa [2]
- 216.0 g : Ntasa (a) [7]
- 223.3699 g : Ntasa (b) [7a]
- 256 g : Benna anan [7]
- 260.0 g : Nda nu [6a]
- 280.00 g : Pereguan anan (a) [4a],[6]
- 282.0 : Mpereguan anan [2]; Pereguan anan (b) [2]
- 312.0 g : Nda-nzyi [6a]
- 350.00 g : Pereguan anum (a) [4a],[6]
- 352.0 g : Mpereguan anum [2]; Pereguan anum (b) [2]
- 364.0 g : Nda-nzo [6a]
- 416.00 g : Nda-mokue [6a]
- 420.00 g : Pereguan asia (c) [4a],[6]
- 468.0 g : Nda-ogora [6a]
- 490.00 g : Pereguan ason [4a],[6]
- 512 g : Benna awotwe [7]
- 520.0 g : Ta buru (a) [6a]
- 528.0 g : Ta buru (b) [2]
- 560.00 g : Pereguan awotwe [4a],[6]
- 630.00 g : Pereguan akron [4a],[6]
- 700.00 g : Pereguan du [4a],[6]
- 1040.00 g : Ta buru-nyo [6a]
- 1560.00 g : Ta buru-sa [6a]

Equivalents edit

The Akan gold weights were used as trading weights for the admeasurement of gold which served as basis of a possible currency as well as a trading good itself.

Inner African trade edit

The topic "Slaves as African currency" (Braun amongst others reports about) shall be excluded here.

Cowries edit

Cowry shells from the Indian ocean served as exchange basis in the "inner-African" trade at the latest since the 15th century. There are two main species:

Cypeanea moneta (also: Monetaria moneta L.) (= cowries from the areas around the Maldives, Seychelles, Molucca Islands and from Ceylon, Bengal, Siam, Cochin-China etc.)
Cypeanea annulus (also: Monetaria annulus L.) (= cowries from Zanzibar and areas near the African coast) (a little greater as the first)

Other name for cowries: "Boesis" (Nederlands), "Bougis" (African name, derived from Portuguese "buzios" (shells))
(see Wikimedia Commons Category:Cowry money)

  • None of these species are found in the Gulf of Guinea, but these shells serve as currency in the old Inner-African kingdoms of Mali, Benin, Congo, Bornu etc. until to the transsaharian trade in the "Western Soudan" (= the western part of the Sahara until to Morocco and to the Gambia mouth) and whose neighbouring areas. The early Portugueses in West Africa organized first transports, amongst others with the aim of "cowry transports" from the Indian Ocean to Benin, from 1515, after the King of Portugal gave a license to a Portuguese merchant to have 500 Quintals of cowries brought from East India each year for the São Tomé trade. Also served cowries as ballast in His Majesty's ships without charge for freight.
  • However, before the North West African coast at the Canary Island occurs also a cowry species, originally called as "Coris". The Spanish, since the "Treaty of Alcáçovas" of 1479 the possessors of the Canary Islands, had disposed per law, that the purchase and sale of such shells be a Royal monopol and a trade with these was forbidden on pain of penalties. Nevertheless prove Spanish documents from 1483 and 1487 that it has given a bright smuggling with "Coris" from the Canary Island, which were very treasured for the inner-African trade. With Cowries from the Seychelles, Maldives and Zanzibar was crerated by the Portugueses a further distribution bar for the bring of cowries in the African trade.
  • Cowries are not to confuse with "Akori beads", about which is reported in the literature since earliest times. Akori beads (historical spellings: Aggrey, cory, aigri, aggri, anchicos) (and one can in these see a certain "currency" too) come from the coral-like species Allopora subviolacea and were already known and valued in the ancient Egypt. The shoulder jewellery of the old-Egypt pharaos shall been manufactured from Akori beads.
  • Generally were cowry shells stringed on cords à
- 1 Cotta (basket of coco leaves) = 12,000 Cowries (Ibn Battuta)
- 1 Boustou (sack) = 100,000 Cowries (Ibn Battuta)
- 1 Cotta = 1 Larin (Bengal) = 8 Sol (French, 20 Sols = 1 Livre)
- 1600 Cowries = 40 Dambas (gold) = 1 "little Cabes" = 1/16 Ounces gold (Danish Gold Coast, 1805-09, Monrad)
- 2000 Cowries = 50 Dambas (gold) = 1 "great Cabes" (Danish Gold Coast, 1805-09, Monrad)
- 1 gold dinar = 400,000 cowries (but sometimes until to 1,200,000) (Ibn Battuta for the Maldives)

There were great fluctuations in Guinea trade and Eureopean trade. Pretty each European author in the history reported about that and this concerns the value as well as the mass equivalents for the trade, equally where a such trade occured.

Gold edit

Native equivalents for gold on the Gold Coast:

- 1 grain (1) = 1 Powa = 0,02 g (theor.) = 0,045 g (real) (Akim)
(= red seeds with a black spot at one end)
arithmetic average weight of 1 grain = 0.0731 g (Abel)
- 2 grains (2) = 1 Ba = 0.1463 g
- 3 grains (2) = 1 Taku = 0.2194 g
- 3 Ba = 2 Taku
  • (3) seeds of the plant Blighia unijugata (a tree ...?)
- 1 seed (3) = 1 Akye
  • (4) seeds of the plant Ficus casapensis
- 1 seed (4) = 1 Domma
  • (5) seeds (grains) of rice
1 seed of rice (5) = 1 Powa
2 seeds of rice (5) = 1 Pesewa
  • (6) little red beans marbled with black
- 1 bean (6) = 1 Damba
- 1 Damba gold = 40 Cowries = 2 Stüver (Gold Coast, 1690s, Bosmann)

To the native equivalents in the transsaharian trade see below.

European trade edit

  • General equivalent is the Ounce, each to 16 Ackies. This was the general connector between all other weight measures and currency units.
  • Original the Ounce is coming from the old-Roman "Uncia" with
- 1 Pondus (in Roma) = 12 Uncias = 24 Semiuncias = 36 Ducellas = 48 Sicilios = 72 Sextulas = 84 Denrios (..etc.)
  • Ounce standard in Europe, 17th - 19th century:
- 1 Pound Troy = 12 Ounces (Gold Ounce) ("Troy" = "troienne" = from the French town Troyes)
- 1 Pound Avoirdupois (Pound de Havre) = 16 Ounces (Trading Ounce)
1 English "Angel"
  • The name "Ackie" (English: "Angel", "Akye", "Acce", "Ackie"; Portuguese: "Ache", "Ake"; German/Dutch/Danish: "Engel", "Achtjen", "Esterlin"; French: "Aoque", "Ecu") comes from an old English gold coin depicting the Archangel Michael fighting the dragon. The coining of an "Angel" was ceased in 1634. In this year one Angel (Ackie) was worth to 6/8 d. in England and 1/12 of one troy ounce in the Netherlands.
  • The Akan name in the 17th century for an "Ackie" was "Mediataba", "Metabbe", "Medrataba", "Metaba", "Meterra" or in similar spellings. Originally an "Akye" is the name of the plant (tree) Blighia unijugata on the Gold Coast.
  • General exportation of gold from the Gold Coast of all European nations in the 17th century: ca. 7000 Mark/year = 56,000 Ounces/year. (Bosmann)
The Maria Theresia Thaler of 1780
  • A special importance in the 19th century had the Austrian "Marietheresientaler" of 1780 (and only the coin of 1780, that's meaning the coining year must be "1780"; the diadem of Empress Maria Theresia must have 8 points and the crown on her head 7 points - all other coins were rejected). This coin serve as exchange money for the trade in entire Africa in the 19th century, especially blank and unused coins were liked in the Sahara room. But also in East-, Central- and West Africa and in Luanda it was accepted until to the Sambesi areas and also in Natal, Transvaal and other areas. Of course, only Austria had had the right to coin these Thalers, but any European governements have let coin at the Imperial Austrian mint in Vienna millions of "Marietheresientaler of 1780" (called "Abu Thir" (litarally: "Bird's father") or "Levantine thaler") for their wars and their trade in Africa. In the trans-Sahara trade the Maria Theresia thaler replaced the Spanish "Duro" coin (also called "Abu Medfu", from Cëuta and Morocco) or the French Five-Francs coin (from Algier and Tunis) to end of the 18th to begin of the 19th century. Alone the British-Indian Rupie-coins was also accepted in East Africa.
- 1 Maria Theresia thaler = 20.000 cowries (the greater variant) = 23,389 g fine silver or 0,751974 fine ounces (1850s, Lagos)
- 1 Agades-Mitkal = 1.000 cowries (the most little variant of a Mitkal)
- 13 Mitkal = 1 Ounce (19th cent.)
European counting measures (historical)
Factor English Danish German/
Nederlands 		French
1/8 Otting-
Otter-		 Achtel-
Achtjen-		 demi-quart
huitième
1/4 quart-
quarter		 Fjierding-
Kvarter-
Potter		 Viertel-
Quarter-
vierde-		 quart
2 double Dobbelt- Doppel- double
4 four- fir-
fire-		 Vier- quadruple
8 gros
12 dozen Bismer- Dutzend,
Duizend		 douzaine
13 baker's dozen Tretten- Großdutzend,
Dertien-		 grande douzaine
15 Mandel quinzaine
16 Lis-
20 score Snese-,
Stieg		 Stiege vingtaine
48 Schock (1758)
50 cinquantaine
58 gros tournois
60 threescore Skok Schock
64 Großschock
80 fourscore Ol- Achtzig-
100 hundred Hundrede Hundert cent
112 hundredweight
120 great hundred Storhundrede Großhundert
144 Gros petite grosse
(12 x 12)
1000 mille
thousand		 Tusinde Mil-,
Tausend		 mille
1200 great mille Stortusinde Großtausend
1728 Maß,
Großgros		 grande grosse
(12 x 12 x 12)
2000 head Kopf

"Head" or "Kopf" come from Portuguese "cabeça". (= Cabes = string with a certain number of cowry shells)

General weight equivalents at the trading system on the Gold Coast:

- 1 Ounce = 8 Gros = 16 Ackies
- 8 Ounces = 1 Mark
- 16 Ounces = 1 Pound
- prior to 1769: 1 Ackie = 12 Taku
- after 1801: 1 Ackie = 8 Taku
- 1 Ounce = 192 Taku (Gold Coast, 1660, Müller)
- 1 Ounce = 144 Taku = 216 Ba (Abel, Mauny)
- 1 Ounce = 128 Taku (Gold Coast, 1860s, Christaller)
- 1 Ounce = 120 Taku (Garrard)
- 1 Ounce = 112 Taku (Mollat)

Portugal edit

[p.] = "Peso" (pl. "Pesos" originally "Pees") = name for a "piece of an eighth" (for all silver as well as copper coins), not to confuse with [p.] = "pieces d'Indie" (= slaves)

  • Portugese gold imports from West Africa to begin of the 16th century:
- 170,000 Dobras of gold/year (begin 16th cent., Duarte Pacheco Pereira)

mass equivalents:

  • gold:
- 1 Onça = 1/2 Benda (Gold Coast, 1603, Ulsheimer)
- 1 Onça = 4 Pesos = 4 Lot = 16 Quint = 16 Ache = 32 Faba breta (Gold Coast, 1603, Ulsheimer)
- 1 Marca = 1/2 Portuguese Pounds = 8 Onças = 64 Outavas = 4608 Graos (Poertugal, 1735, Zedler)
- 2 Marcos = 1 Árratel
- 64 Marcos = 1 Arroba (Roba, literally "Quarter") = 1/4 Kintar ("Spanish Quintals")
- 3456 Marcos = 1 Tonelada (Portuguese ton)
- 1 Lissabon (Gold-) Onça = 31,97 g (Portugal, 1735, Zedler)
- 1 Portuguese (Trading-) Onça = 28,6875 g (Portugal, 1735, Zedler)
- 1 Marca = 229,5 g (McCusker, Garrard, Brockhaus)
- 1 Marca = 229,7 g (Magalhães Godinho)
- 1 Marca = 230,4 g (Vogt)

currency equivalents:

A "1-Real" silver coin bearing the effigy of Queen Beatrice of Portugal
A Portuguese "500 Reis"-coin (gold) from King Dom Sebastião (regn. 1554-1578
  • "Real" (plural: Reais, Reães; later: Reis; French: "Réaux"; first coinage during the reign of King Dom Fernando I)
- 1 Marca (Mark silver) = 56 Reis (originally)
coin degradation under King Dom Dom João I
- 1 Marca (Mark silver) = 42 Reis (1415)
- 1 Marca (Mark silver) = 700 Reis (1436)
- 1 Marca (Mark silver) = 1896 Reis (1473)
further coin degradation under King Dom João II
- 1 Marca (Mark silver) = 2280 Reis (1481-1495)
- 1 Mille-Rees (Millarès) = 1000 Rees
but:
-´1 Real Branco = coins with 1/4 of the silver content of an old Real
- 1 Peso = 8 Reis (silver) (originally)
- 1 Peso = 10 Reis (silver) (end of the 17th century, Zedler)
- 1 Peso = 15 Reis (silver) (1735, Zedler)
  • "Escudo" (first coinage during the reign of King Dom Duarte I)
- 1 Escudo = 90 Reis (1457, Fitzler)
- 1 Escudo = 600 Reis (around 1600, Fitzler)
A Portuguese "Cruzado" from King Dom Manuel I of Portugal (1495-1521)
  • "Dobra" ("Portuguese Ducat", later called "Cruzado", coined also in Castile, Sevilla and Moorish regions)
It has given Cruzados as gold and silver coins.
- 1 Dobra = 150 Reis Branco (Reães branco) (Portugal, Sevilla, Castile, etc., 1437)
- 1 Cruzado = 270 Reis (gold) (first coinage under King Dom Diniz)
- 1 Cruzado = 4 Tostum = 20 Vintien = 400 Reis (silver) (around of 1600, Fitzler)
- 1 Portuguese Dobra (had 11/12 silver content) = 400 Reis (around of 1455, Ca da Mosto)
- 30,000 Pesos (gold) = 53,000 Cruzados (silver) = 190 kg gold (Gold Coast, Elmina, 1557)
- 1 Cruzado ("Portuguese Ducat") = 10 Real = 400 Rees (1735, Zedler)
- 1 Portuguese Cruzado = 400 Reis = 1 nfl. (Amsterdam, around of 1600, Fitzler)
- 1 Marca = 60,8 Cruzados (to 1538) (so-called "strong Cruzados")
- 1 Marca = 64,66 Cruzados (from 1538) (so-called "weak Cruzados")

England / Great Britain edit

weight standard:

  • 17th century to the 1730s:
- 1 English "Pound de Trois" : 1 English "Pound de Havre" : 1 Dutch Pound : 1 Spanish Pound : 1 French Pound
= 7032 : 8586 : 9232 : 8664 : 9216 (1735, Zedler)
  • 18th and 19th centuries:
- 1 Ounce Troy (gold and silver ounce) = 31,1 g
- 1 Ounce Avoirdupois (trading ounce) = 28,4 g

currency:

  • gold coins:
"5 Guinees" from 1692 (William III and Mary)
Monetary standard for gold coins: 1 Pound Troy (= 373,1657 g fine content) = 44½ parts, each à 20 Shillings with gold in a purity of 22/24 parts gold + 2/24 parts copper
("Sterling standard for gold" = 916 2/3 : 1000 from one pound troy)
- 1 "James piece" = 25 Shillings
- 1 "Broad piece" = 23½ Shillings
- 1 "Carolus" (pl. "carolines") = 22 Shillings (with portrait of Charles I. as English answer to the French "Louis d'Or")
- 1 "Guiney" = 21½ Shillings
- 1 "Half Guiney" = 10 Shillings + 9 Pence
- 1 "Angle" = 10 - 11 Shillings
- 1 "Crown" (gold) = 5 Shillings (sometime 5 Shillings + 6 Pence)
  • silver coins:
"1 Crown" (silver) from 1703 (Queen Anna)
Monetary standard for silver coins: 11 Pounds Troy + 2 Pence shall be amended by 18 Pence copper
"Sterling standard for silver" = 1 Pound troy silver fine = 16 Ounces troy silver fine
- 1 Ounce = 20 Shillings, each à 12 Denarii (Pence)
- 1 "Crown" (silver) = 5 Shillings (silver)
- 1 "Half Crown" = 2 Shillings + 6 Pence (silver)
- 1 "Shilling" = 12 Pence (Denarii) (silver)
- 1 "Half Shilling" or "6-Pence-piece" = 6 Pence (Denarii) (silver)
- 1 "Groat" or "4-Pence-piece" = 4 Pence (Denarii) (silver)
- 1 "3-Pence-piece" = 3 Pence (Denarii) (silver)
- 1 "2-Pence-piece" = 2 Pence (Denarii) (silver)
- 1 "1-Penny-piece" = 1 Penny (Denar) (silver)
- The "Pound Sterling" as fictious invoice coin for books and accounts from 1489 to the mid of the 19th century
  • copper coins:
- 1 "Half Penny" = 2 Farthings
- 1 "Farthing" = 1/4 Penny (originally from copper, later from tin)
  • There was a great value decline at gold in the 1740s.
  • Monetary reform of 1816:
A British "Souvereign" of 1817
Revers of a British "Half Crown" of 1836
The "Guinée"-coins as currency shall be used unchanged.
The Pound troy gold shall give 77 7/8 Shillings (gold).
- "1 Souvereign" (also "Souvereign d'or") = 20 Schilling with gold in a purity of 22 Karat (22/24 = 0,916 2/3)
The gold coins shall be the legal currency for account sums over 40 Shillings.
- 1 Pound troy silver = 12 2/5 "Crowns" = 24 4/5 "Half Crowns" = 62 "Shillings" = 124 "Half Shillings" or "6-Pence-pieces"
From 1816:
- The silver shall have a purity of 37/40 or 925/1000.
- 1 Pound troy silver = = 13 1/5 "Crowns" = 26 2/5 "Half Crowns" = 66 "Shillings" = 132 "Half Shillings or "6-Pence-pieces"
This means for 1816 a relation of 31 old Shillings = 33 new Shillings.


Denmark edit

[Rthl.] = Rigsdaler = "Reichsthaler", rix-dollar, originally "Gyldengroschen" as Danish variant of 1 Joachimstaler
[Sthl.] = Sletdaler

Generally

- 1 Ta = 1 Greater Banda = 2 Ounces + 8 Ackies = 32 Rthl.
- 1 Ossuachian = 1 Lighter Benda = 1 Ounce + 14 Ackies = 24 Rthl.
"...1 Guinea weight : 1 European weight must be 9 : 8 because of gold falsification with sand and other materials by the native traders..."

Mass equivalents:

before 1700 (decrets of 1683 and 1698):
- 1 Skålpund (Copenhagen pound) = 1/62 cubic foot of fresh water = 496 g
- 1 Copenhagen Pound = 16 Unser
King's Order of 1839:
- 1 Danish Pound = 500 g (metric) = ½ kilogramme (French)
- 1 Danish Pound = 2 Mark = 16 Unser = 32 Lod = 128 Quintin = 512 Ort
- 1 Unse (Ounce) = 12 Rigsdaler (Denmark, 1739)
- 1 Unse (Ounce) = 16 Rigsdaler (Gold Coast, 1739)

Currency equivalents:

A "Rigsdaler" of King Christian VII of Denmark
  • "Rigsdaler" (also: "Speciedaler", first coinage per Royal decrets of 1541 and 1544)
- originally: 1 Rigsdaler = 1 Cologne Mark = 233.855 g fine silver (24/24 karat silver) as general currency standard
- later: 1 Rigsdaler (Speciedaler) = 12 + 2 Sklilling = 183 mg fine silver
- to 1726: 1 Rigsdaler (Speciedaler) = 10 + 6 x 2 Sklilling = 210 mg fine silver; 1 Kurant = 215 mg fine silver
- 1727 and after: 1 Rigsdaler (Speciesdaler) = 203 mg fine silver, but: 16 Sklilling (coin) = 15 Skilling (value)
- 1 Danish Rigsdaler = 50 (Dutch) Stüver (1735, Zedler)
Danish 12-Sklilling-coin from 1812
  • "Skilling" and "Mark" as subordinate currency units (should mark the real silver content of a circular coin)
- 1 Rigsdaler (Speciedaler) = 96 Skilling; 1 Rigsort = 24 Skilling; copper coins formed only a negligible part of the currency (1660-around 1800)
- 16,850 Rthl = 42,130 nfl. (Amsterdam, 1697, vessel "De Boers van Copenhagen", Göbel)
- 8,700 Rthl = 13,000 Sthl (Copenhagen after 1697, Göbel)
  • "Krone" (introduction as answer to the new-issued English "Crown" (silver coin) during the reign of Christian IV (regn. 1588-1648))
- 1 (Danish) Krone = 1½ Rigsdaler

Netherlands edit

[nfl.] = Nederlandse Florijn = originally: "Guldengroschen"
[£V] = Ponden Vlaams, Pont Vlaamsch
"Markgeld" = money on gold base (... no silver)
Generally:

A Netherlands "Florijn" from 1850
- 1 nfl. = 20 Stüver ("stuyvers", "Stüber", "Netherlands shilling"), each à 12 Grot
- 1 £V = 20 Schilling Vlaams = 6 nfl. = 120 Stüver (fix rate in the 18th cent., Unger)
- 1 Stüver = 6 ... 20 Pfennige (fluctuations in the 18th cent.)
on the Gold Coast:
- 1 Ta = 1 Greater Banda = 2 Ounces + 8 Ackies = 80 nfl.
- 1 Ossuachian = 1 Lighter Benda = 1 Ounce + 14 Ackies = 60 nfl.

Beside of this, especially on the Gold Coast gaves it also so-called "Kakeraasgold" (literally "Kakeraas" = "thing of little value") which was polluted gold produced mostly by the natives. It was often used for the daily business (for instance for daily food purchasing). According to Bosmann (1690s) was the value of one ounce "Kakeraas-gold" not more as 20 nfl.

Mass equivalents:

  • gold:
- 1 (Troy) Ounce = 16 Esterlin (Ackies) (Amsterdam, 1690s, Bosmann)
- 1 (Troy) Ounce = 20 Esterlin (Ackies) (Gold Coast, Dutch W.I.C. (= Niederländisch Westindische Compagnie), 1690s, Bosmann)
- 1 "Ounce Coast weight" = 4/5 "Ounces Troy weight" = 20 "Engelse" (Ackies) (18th century)
- 4 "Bendos" gold = 1 Mark = 8 Unzen = 320...330 nfl. (Gold Coast,1690s, Bosmann)
- 1 Unze Gold = 16 Esterlin (Ackies) = 1/2 Benda = 384 Dambas = 15360 Cowries (the greater species) (Gold Coast, 1690s, Bosmann)
- 3 Mark gold, fine = 1000 nfl. (Amsterdam, 1690s, Bosmann)
- 1 Amsterdam Pund = 20 Anglicos = 460 Dutch Grana (Europe, 1735, Zedler's Universal Lexicon)
- 1 Pund = 2 Mark = 16 Unzen = 32 Lot = 256 Achtjen (Engelse, Ackies) = 512 Pfennige (Netherlands, 16th-19th century)
- 1 Amsterdam Ounce (avoirdupois) = 29,2319 g (begin 18th century, Zedler's Universallexicon)
- 1 Rotterdam Ounce (avoirdupois) = 29,0100 g (begin 18th century, Zedler's Universallexicon)
- 1 Middelburg Ounce (avoirdupois) = 29,6019 g (begin 18th century, Zedler's Universallexicon)
- 1 Antwerpen Ounce (avoirdupois) = 29,6019 g (begin 18th century, Zedler's Universallexicon)

Currency equivalents:

A Netherlands "6-Stüver" silver coin of 1679
- 2 Benda = ca. 8 Loth = 32 Ducat (Gold Coast, 1614, Braun)
- 1 Ounce gold = 4 Pees (Pesos) = 10 Stüver = 160 Pfennige = 32 nfl. (Gold Coast, 1660s, Müller)
- 1 Pound gold = 16 Ounces Gold = ca. 660 nfl. (Gold Coast, 1690's, Bosmann)
- 1 Ounce Gold = 16 Engels (Ackies) = 40 nfl. (Gold Coast, 1684, von der Gröben)
- 1 Takou gold = 4 Stüver (in freedom times at good harvest, 1690s, Bosmann)
- 1 Ounce gold = 40 nfl. = 400 Stüver (in war times or at bad harvest, 1690s, Bosmann)
- 1 Vlaamsch Rijksdaalder = 50 Stüver (18th century, Unger)
- 1 Portuguese Peso = 2 nfl. (Portuguese West India, 1762-1765, Unger)
  • 1788: Renewing of the finance system in the Netherlands; introduction of "Speciedaler" and "Kurant"; Danish money was prohibited
The first years of the Dutch on the Gold Coast edit
The Dutch opposite to the Portugueses on the Gold Coast in the time after 1612.

There were bitter hostilities on the part of the Portugueses and French opposite to the "Flamengos" (= Dutch). The Portuguese "Governador" paid (also to the natives) a prize of 100 "Gulden" in gold for each killed Dutchman (around of 1599) and also the (well etablished) French killed each Dutchman they met on and before the West African Guinea Coast. From this result many cruelties until to whole massacres to Dutch ship crews especially by the natives. Additionally came many pirate activities in the areas before and on the coast. Nevertheless, in the years 1592-1607 returned more as 200 Dutch ships with more as 10.000 seamen from West Africa (mostly from the Gold Coast) to the Netherlands and brought beside of great masses of gummi, hides, pepper, and "elephant dents" also more as 1000 kg gold dust/year. Dutch ships which sailed to the Guinea Coast for trading aims were freed from the export duty from 1593 onwards. Also undertook the Portugueses several "penalty expeditions" against the natives on the Gold Coast which had traded with the Dutch in this years. Nevertheless of an official armistice between the Netherlands and Spain/Portugal from 9th April 1609, the anti-Dutch hostilities on the Gold Coast continued and induced the Dutch "Staten-Generaal en Admiralities" to send a military expedition to the Gold Coast in 1611 and to establish a Fortresse at Mouri at the request of the King of Sabou as first fortified post to the protection of the there trade (the "Vestung Nassau", built in 1612).

The years aound 1740 on the Gold Coast edit

The wars in Europe, especially with the English-Spanish war (1739–1742, also called: "War of Jenkins’ Ear") and the "War of the Austrian Succession" (1741-1748), as well as particularly the wars on the Gold Coast, especially in connection with the events in and around Elmina 1736-1740, the Dahomey invasion to the Gold Coast of 1737, the anti-Akwamu rebellion in Accra (1737/1738), the Ashanti invasion to Gyaman and Bono-Manso (around 1740), the invasion of Little-Popo to Anloga (1741), the annexion of Akwamu and Accra by Akim (1741/1742), the Denkira-Ashanti war of 1742 ..etc. until to the re-appearance of the French on the Gold Coast in 1743 results in a general decline of the gold standard in Europe in opposite of silver.

Beside of that had the Netherlands "Generalstaaten" with a "Reglement" from 6th of October, 1734, the Dutch Gold Coast trade opened for the next 20 years, that's meaning, all interested citizens of the Netherlands had the right for free trade on the Gold Coast. In 1754 this reglement was longened to 1761 and 1761 to 1791 (the end year of the "Octroi" for the Dutch W.I.C.). In this time also all Dutch Non-W.I.C.-ships could trade on the Guinea Coast under payment of a tax for the W.I.C.. (W.I.C. = "Niederländisch West-Indische Compagnie")

A result of all of these events was the decreasing and finally the total collapse of the European trade on the Gold Coast in the 1740s.

Transsaharian trade edit

[M.] = "Mitkal" (also: Matical, Metical, Mitical, Misqal, Misqal, Meticalle), was a gold coin in the Orient and Northern Africa

weight standard:

- 1 Mitkal = 1 Egypto-Roman Sextule = 4,722 g gold (during the reign of Kalif El-Mansur, reign 754-774 A.D.)
- 1 Mitkal = the weight in gold of 72 barley corns ("grains d'orge") (Western Sudan, before 1406, Ibn Khaldun)
- 1 Mitkal = the weight of 96 wheat corns (Kassonké-Region, 1815, Mungo Park, also: Kano, Timbuktu, 1853, Heinrich Barth)
- 1 Mitkal = the weight of 6 seed corns of "Teelee Kissi" (= "Talikissé" = Acacia arabica = Acacia nilotica) (Falémé Region (Southwest Soudan), 1815, Mungo Park)
- 1 Mitkal = the weight of 24 seed corns of "Jabee Kissi" (= probably Ziziphus mauritiana) (Kaarta, 1815, Mungo Park)
- 1 Mitkal = the weight of 12 lttle corns of Tamarindus indica (West Soudan, 1815, Mungo Park)
- 1 Mitkal = the weight of 24 seed corns of Ceratonia siliqua (Kano, Timbuktu, 1853, Heinrich Barth)
- 1 Mitkal = 4.5 g (Jenne, 1892, Binger)
- 1 Mitkal = the weight of 72 barley corns = 3.58 g (Mauny)
- 1 Greater Mitkal ("Mitkal fort") = 4.72 g (Mauny for Old-Gana)
- 1 Lighter Mitkal ("Mitkal faible") = 4.25 g (Mauny for Old-Gana)
- 1 Mitkal = 4.4 g (Garrard)
- 1 Kanonian Mitkal = 4.722g (Kano, also for Maghreb and Andalusia, Hinz)
- 1 Mitkal = 4.575 g (Mollat)

gold equivalent:

- 1 Mitkal = 10 Ounces gold (Western Sudan, 1735, Zedler) (in the crisis time)
- 13 Mitkal = 1 Benda gold = 2 Ounces Troy (gold) (Asante, 1817, Dupuis)
- 13 Mitkal = 1 Benda gold = 256 Taku = 384 Ba (Abel)

cowry equivalent:

- 1 Mitkal = 4,500 cowries (Dahomey, Benin, 1817, Dupuis)
- 1 Mitkal = 4,300 cowries (Salaga, Bouromy, Banna (Banda?), 1817, Dupuis) (regions northern and north western of Asante)
- 1 Mitkal = 4,200 cowries (Yandi, 1817, Dupuis) (regions of central Dagomba)
- 1 Mitkal = 4,000 cowries (Zogho, 1817, Dupuis) (regions of Burkina Faso)
- 1 Mitkal = 3,800 cowries (Nikki, 1817, Dupuis) (regions of Eastern Burkina Faso, North Western Nigeria)
- 1 Mitkal = 3,500 - 3,400 cowries (Haussa-states, 1817, Dupuis) (regions of North West Nigeria, South Niger)

currency equivalents:

- 2 Mitkal = 3 Dirhem (Arab) (during the reign of the Kalif El-Mansur (r. 754-774 A.D.)
- 1 Mitkal = 1 Ducat (1455, Ca da Mosto)
- 1 Mitkal = 445 Real (Portuguese) (Arguin, 1506, V.Fernandez)
- 1 Mitkal = 40 Blanquilles = 960 Felutz (Maroccain) = 10 Ounces Gold = 100 Sols (French) (Morocco and Western Sudan, 1735, Zedler)
- 1 Mitkal = 2/3 silver thaler = 13.000 - 13.500 cowries (West Africa, 1821, Clapperton)
- 1 Mitkal = 1 Maria Theresa thaler (Abu Thir) = 1½ silver thaler = 3.000 cowries (Bornu, 1824, Clapperton)

Beside of this, the years 1738-1758 were the years of the badest hunger-catastrophe in West Africa since 2000 years which accompanied years of extreme drought in the savanna and rain forest regions southern of the Sahara. In the regions of the Niger boucle one calls from the years of the "Bari Bouri"-dearth, because in these years almost the half of the population of Timbuctu death by hunger. In other regions around the upper Niger was it still bader.


About the number symbolism at the Akan edit

Numerical symbol elements edit

Number symbolism at Akan gold weights
Simply bar code lines
4 5 6 7 8
Simply geometrical elements
1 2 3 4 5
   
6 7 8    
Number symbolism at Akan gold weights
Advanced geometrical elements
4 5 6 7 8
   
8 10 13    
Number symbolism at Akan gold weights
Composed geometrical elements
5 5 13 14 20
9 16 17 18 19


(to be continued)

Example edit

Schematic drawing of the number symbolism on a "1 Pereguan" weight
Schematic drawing of the number symbolism on a "1 Pereguan" weight

Schematic drawing of the number symbolism on a "1 Pereguan" weight from the Agni (Anyi) region (Ivory Cost) (after figure at Abel)
To the interpretation of this symbolism:

- Upper + lower bar code line = 2 x 10
- St. Andrew's cross (saltire) = 8
- Horizontal line in the centre = 4
- Upper line bar code = 10 over all = multiplication with 10

Total interpretation for this figure: 8 + 4 + 10 + 10 = 32 → 10 x 32 = 320
Weight, theoretical: 320 Taku x 0.2194 g/Taku = 70.208 g (according to Abel)
(1 Taku = 3 grains of Abrus precatorius, average weight of 1 seed-grain = 0.0731 g → 1 Taku = 0.2194 g)
Weight, real: 70.10 g
Conclusion: This weight represents 1 Pereguan = 320 Taku.
Control: 70.10 g / 0.2194 g/Taku = 319.5 Taku

(to be continued)

References edit

[1a] Ulsheimer (contributions still due)
[1b] Müller (contributions still due)
[1c] Braun
[2] Garrard (see below)
[3] Abel (see below)
[4] Christaller (see below)
[4a] Christaller (cit. at Ott)
[5] Menzel (cit. at Mollat)
[6] Ott (see below)
[6a] Delafosse (cit. at Ott)
[6b] Binger (see below") (also cit. at Ott)
[7] Zeller (see below)
[7a] Zeller - measuring weights set of missionar Bürki (Akim)

Sources edit

Used literature for the creation of this page:

Braun
Müller
Zedler
Schmeller

General reference works:

Single papers:

  • Wilhelm Crecelius (Hrsg.): Josua Ulsheimers Reisen nach Guinea und Beschreibung des Landes. In: Alemannia. (Bonn), 7 (1879), S. 97–120 (regard to Guinea part of the traval narrative)
digitalised here (Ulsheimer was German ship's doctor on Dutch vessels; The source gives the original wording for travels to the Gold Coast in 1603-1604.)
  • Samuel Braun, "Samuel Brun / des Wundarztes and Burgers zu Basel / Schiffarten : Welche er in etliche newe Länder und Insulen / zu fünff underschiedlichen malen / mit Gottes hülff gethan : An jetzo aber / auff begeren vieler ehrlicher Leuthen / selbs beschrieben : und menniglichen / mit kurzweil und nutz zu läsen / in Truck kommen lassen.", Basel, 1624 (Braun was German-Swiss ship's doctor in service of the Dutch. Travel to the Gold Coast (and other) in 1614)
  • Wilhelm Johann Müller, "Die Africanische Landschafft Fetu", Hamburg 1673 (Müller was German preacher for the Danish on Fort Fredericksborg in the 1660s.)
  • Olfert Dapper, "Description de l'Afrique : contenant les noms, la situation & les confins de toutes ses parties, leurs rivieres, leurs villes & leurs habitation , leurs plantes & leurs animaux, les moeurs, les coûtumes, la langue, les richesses, la religion & le gouvernement de ses peuples : avec des cartes des États, des provinces & des villes, des figures en taille-douce, qui representent les habits les principales ceremonies des habitans, les plantes & les animaux les moins connus", Amsterdam 1686, Reprint New York 1970 (Dapper was a 17th century Dutch author which collected and summarized the reports of seamen about the Gold Coast as well as the then existing literatur for many years.)
  • Wilhelm Bosmann, "Reyse nach Guinea oder ausführliche Beschreibung dasiger Gold-Gruben / Elephanten-Zähn und Sclaven-Handels / nebst derer Einwohner Sitten / Religion / Regiment / Kriegen / Heyrathen und Begräbnissen / auch allen hieselbst befindlichen Thieren / so bishero in Europa unbekannt gewesen", Hamburg 1708 (Bosmann was "Assessor" of the Dutch W.I.C. on the Gold Coast in the 1690's.)
  • Otto Friedrich von der Gröben, "Orientalische Reise-Beschreibung, des brandenburgischen Pilgers Otto Friedrich von der Gröben: Nebst d. Brandenburgischen Schifffahrt nach Guinea und der Verrichtung zu Morea, unter ihrem Titel", Marienwerder 1694 (Reprint 1981) (Otto Friedrich von der Gröben was "Kammerjunker" (chamberlain) of the Great Elector of Brandenburg and first Commandant of the Fort Großfriedrichsburg on the Gold Coast.)
  • Ludewig Ferdinand Römer, "Nachrichten von der Küste Guinea", Kopenhagen 1769 (Römer was Danish serviceman on the Gold Coast in the 1760s.)
  • Joseph Dupuis, "Journal of a residence in Ashantee", London 1824 (Dupius was British consul at a meeting with the Asantehene in Kumasi, 1817/1818.)
  • Hans Christian Monrad, "Gemälde der Küste von Guinea und der Einwohner derselben, wie auch der Dänischen Colonien auf dieser Küste", Weimar 1824 (Monrad was (Danish) Christian Preacher on the Gold Coast 1805-1809.)
  • Schmeller, "Ueber Valenti Fernandez Alema und seine Sammlung von Nachrichten über die Entdeckungen und Besitzungen der Portugiesen in Afrika und Asien bis zum Jahre 1508", In: Abhandlungen der philosophisch-philologischen Classe der königlich bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, München, vol.4, No.3, 1847
  • Johann Gottlieb Christaller, "Dictionary of the Asante and Fante Language called Tschi (Twi)", 2nd Ed., Basel 1933 (first published in 1875; Christaller was missionary and philologist of the "Basler Missionsgesellschaft" on the Gold Coast in 1853-1868.)
  • Gerhard Rohlfs, "Geld in Afrika", In: Dr.A.Petermanns Mitteilungen aus Justus Perthes Geographischer Anstalt (Gotha), vol.35, 1889, pp.187-192 (Rohlfs was German Africa traveller, Africa researcher, geograph and author.)
  • Louis Gustave Binger, "Du Niger au Golfe de Guinée par le pays de Kong et le Mossi", Paris 1891 (Binger was Africa traveller, Africa researcher, French colonial officer and Gouverneur.)
  • J.G.Doorman, "Die Niederländisch-West-Indische Compagnie an der Goldküste", In: Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde (Batavia), vol.40, No.5/6, 1898, pp. 387-436
  • Rudolf Zeller, "Die Goldgewichte von Asante (Westafrika) - Eine ethnologische Studie", In: Baessler-Archiv - Beiträge zur Völkerkunde, Leipzig/Berlin, 1912
  • Hedwig M.A. Fitzler, "Portugiesische Handelsgesellschaften des 15. und beginnenden 16. Jahrhunderts", In: Vierteljahrschrift für Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte, vol.25, 1931, pp.209-250
  • H. Abel, "Déchiffrement des poids à peser l'Or en Côte d'Ivoire", In: Journal de la société des Africanistes (Paris), vol. 22, No. 1/2, 1952, pp.95-114 as well as vol. 24, No. 1, 1954, pp.7-23
  • Astrid Friis, Kristof Glamann, "A history of prices and wages in Denmark 1660-1800", Copenhagen 1958
  • Raymond Mauny, "Tableau géographique de l'Ouest Africain au moyen age d'après les sources écrites, la tradition et l'archéologie", thèses Univ.Paris 1959, Dakar/Lisboa 1960
  • W.S.Unger, "Bijdragen tot de geschiedenis van de Nederlandse Slavenhandel - II. De Slavenhandel der Middelburgsche Commercie Compagnie 1732-1808", In: Economisch-historisch Jaarboek, vol.28, 1961, pp.1-148
  • Marion Johnson, "The ounce in eighteenth-century West African trade", In: Journal of African History, vol.7(2), 1966, pp.197-214
  • Albert Ott, "Akan Gold Weights", In: Transactions of the Historical Society of Ghana, vol. 9, 1968, pp.17-42
  • A.Teixeira da Mota, "Der portugiesische Seehandel in Westafrika im 15. und 16. Jahrhundert und seine Bedeutung für die Entwicklung des überregionalen Handelsverkehrs", In: Kölner Vorträge zur Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte, Univ.Köln, Heft 5, 1969, pp.1-19
  • Marion Johnson, "The Cowrie currencies of West Africa - Part I", In: Journal of African History, vol.11(1), 1970, pp.17-49
  • John J. McCusker, "Les équivalents métriques des poids et mesures du commerce colonial aux XViie et XVIIIe siècles", In: Reviue française d'histoire d'Outre-Mer, vol.62, No.224, 1974, pp.349-365
  • John Vogt, "Portuguese Rule on the Gold Coast, 1469-1682", Athens 1979
  • Timothy F. Garrard, "Akan weights and the Gold Trade", London 1980
  • Erik Göbel, "Danish Trade to the West Indies and Guinea, 1671-1754", In: The Scandinavian Economic History Review, vol.31(1), 1983, pp.21-49
  • Hartmut Mollat, "Die Akan-Goldgewichte Westafrikas. Neue Aspekte zum Gewichtssystem und zur Funktion geometrischer und figürlicher Formen", In: Baessler-Archiv, N.F, vol.47, 1999, pp.259-275
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