English: "Blood levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were measured at regular intervals throughout the 155-day period of the experiment. At the end of the experiment, the levels of Nrf2, a pivotal modulator of inflammation, and oxidative stress were measured in brain, heart, lung, and liver of the rats. Detailed values of IL-6, TNF-alpha, and Nrf2 can be found in Supplementary Table S10, Supplementary Table S11, and Supplementary Table S12. The error bars depict two standard errors"

"Chronic inflammation

Inflammation is an important response that helps protect the body, but excess inflammation especially in terms of duration of this response can have very detrimental effects instead. This occurs when inflammation fails to subside and persists indefinitely, a condition referred to as chronic inflammation, which, for reasons not well-understood, increases with age and is associated with a multitude of conditions and pathologies. The levels of two of the most reliable and common biomarkers of chronic inflammation: interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) are found to be considerably higher in old rats (Fig. 6), and these were very rapidly diminished, within days by E5 treatment, to comparable levels with those of young rats. This was especially stark with IL-6. The reduction of these inflammation markers is consistent with the profile of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-like 2 protein (Nrf2), which plays a major role in resolving inflammation, in part by inhibiting the expression of IL-6 and TNF-α. Nrf2 also induces the expression of antioxidants that neutralizes ROS, which is also a significant feature in inflammation [41]. In summary, plasma fraction reduces oxidative stress and chronic inflammation, which are age-associated pan-tissue stresses, to the levels found in young rats."