File:Bear on Houchins (= blackened gypsum ceiling) (Main Cave, Mammoth Cave, Kentucky, USA) 1 (38169534712).jpg
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editDescriptionBear on Houchins (= blackened gypsum ceiling) (Main Cave, Mammoth Cave, Kentucky, USA) 1 (38169534712).jpg |
Western Kentucky's Mammoth Cave is the longest cave system on Earth, with 412 miles known and mapped as of fall 2017. The name does not refer to the early discovery of fossil mastodon or mammoth bones here. Rather, the name refers to the immense size of many rooms and passages. Shown here is the mottled ceiling of Main Cave, the principal trunk passage in the Mammoth Cave Ridge portion of the system. The original bare passage roof was gray, marine limestone of the upper Ste. Genevieve Limestone (upper Middle Mississippian). A crust of gypsum speleothem later formed, some of which has detached. In prehistoric times, American Indians entered the cave, often traveling miles from the entrance. They used cane reed torches, which gave off smoke. In historic times (late 1700s and 1800s), mining operations and cave tours used lanterns that also released smoke. The smoke from these human activities stained the remaining, originally-white gypsum crusts a dark gray to black color. In this stretch of Main Cave, the differentially blackened cave roof is called "Mammoth Cave Menagerie". Early tour guides assigned names to some of the distinctively-shaped black crusts. This is "Bear on Houchins", in reference to the fictional account of the discovery of Mammoth Cave: a hunter named Houchins chased a wounded bear into the mouth of the cave. This particular black crust is also known as "The Skull". Early descriptions of the Mammoth Cave Menagerie refer to wild cats, buffalos, monkeys, anteaters, a mammoth, and Barnum's fat girl. Seeing patterns that don't really exist (whether sincerely or in jest) is called pareidolia. Locality: Mammoth Cave Menagerie - ceiling of Main Cave near Giant's Coffin, Mammoth Cave Ridge, Mammoth Cave National Park, western Kentucky, USA |
Date | |
Source | Bear on Houchins (= blackened gypsum ceiling) (Main Cave, Mammoth Cave, Kentucky, USA) 1 |
Author | James St. John |
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This image was originally posted to Flickr by James St. John at https://flickr.com/photos/47445767@N05/38169534712. It was reviewed on 13 October 2019 by FlickreviewR 2 and was confirmed to be licensed under the terms of the cc-by-2.0. |
13 October 2019
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current | 17:40, 13 October 2019 | ![]() | 4,000 × 2,654 (3.18 MB) | Ser Amantio di Nicolao (talk | contribs) | Transferred from Flickr via #flickr2commons |
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Camera manufacturer | Canon |
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ISO speed rating | 320 |
Date and time of data generation | 15:10, 20 January 2013 |
Lens focal length | 9.681 mm |
Image title | |
Width | 4,000 px |
Height | 3,000 px |
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Pixel composition | RGB |
Orientation | Normal |
Number of components | 3 |
Horizontal resolution | 180 dpi |
Vertical resolution | 180 dpi |
Software used | Adobe Photoshop Elements 13.0 (Macintosh) |
File change date and time | 20:00, 5 November 2017 |
Y and C positioning | Co-sited |
Exif version | 2.21 |
Date and time of digitizing | 15:10, 20 January 2013 |
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APEX shutter speed | 0 |
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APEX exposure bias | 0 |
Maximum land aperture | 3.625 APEX (f/3.51) |
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Flash | Flash did not fire, compulsory flash suppression |
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Scene capture type | Standard |
Lens used | 6.2-18.6 mm |
Date metadata was last modified | 15:00, 5 November 2017 |
Unique ID of original document | D3987A42452A41A38DE86378D76B95D7 |