File:Ceratina at padur.jpg
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DescriptionCeratina at padur.jpg |
English: The cosmopolitan bee genus Ceratina, often referred to as small carpenter bees, is the sole lineage of the tribe Ceratinini, and closely related to the more familiar carpenter bees. They make nests in dead wood, stems, or pith, and while many are solitary, a number are subsocial, with mothers caring for their larvae, and in a few cases where multiple females are found in a single nest, daughters or sisters may form very small, weakly eusocial colonies (where one bee forages and the other remains in the nest and lays eggs). One species is unique for having both social and asocial populations, Ceratina (Neoceratina) australensis, which exhibits all of the pre-adaptations for successful group living. This species is socially polymorphic with both solitary and social nests collected in sympatry. Social colonies in that species consist of two foundresses, one contributing both foraging and reproductive effort and the second which remains at the nest as a passive guard. Cooperative nesting provides no overt reproductive benefits over solitary nesting in this population, although brood survival tends to be greater in social colonies. Maternal longevity, subsociality and bivoltine nesting phenology in this species favour colony formation, while dispersal habits and offspring longevity may inhibit more frequent social nesting in this and other ceratinines.
Coordinates: 10°38'47"N 76°28'50"E Wikimapia Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Order: Hymenoptera Suborder: Apocrita Superfamily: Apoidea Family: Apidae Subfamily: Xylocopinae Tribe: Ceratinini Genus: Ceratina Latreille, 1802 Species 200 species |
Date | |
Source | Own work |
Author | വരി വര |
Object location | 10° 38′ 47″ N, 76° 28′ 50″ E | View this and other nearby images on: OpenStreetMap | 10.646389; 76.480556 |
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current | 15:44, 15 August 2015 | 1,454 × 820 (148 KB) | Abijithka (talk | contribs) | User created page with UploadWizard |
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Camera manufacturer | Motorola |
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Camera model | MotoE2 |
Author | Picasa |
Exposure time | 81/50,000 sec (0.00162) |
F-number | f/2.2 |
ISO speed rating | 80 |
Date and time of data generation | 08:32, 14 August 2015 |
Lens focal length | 2.471 mm |
Horizontal resolution | 72 dpi |
Vertical resolution | 72 dpi |
Software used | Picasa |
File change date and time | 23:22, 14 August 2015 |
Y and C positioning | Centered |
Exposure Program | Normal program |
Exif version | 2.2 |
Date and time of digitizing | 12:00, 8 December 2002 |
Meaning of each component |
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APEX shutter speed | 9.26 |
APEX aperture | 2.275 |
APEX brightness | −1 |
APEX exposure bias | 0 |
Maximum land aperture | 2.275 APEX (f/2.2) |
Metering mode | Average |
Flash | Flash did not fire, No flash function |
Supported Flashpix version | 1 |
Color space | sRGB |
Scene type | A directly photographed image |
Custom image processing | Normal process |
Exposure mode | Auto exposure |
White balance | Auto white balance |
Digital zoom ratio | 1 |
Contrast | Normal |
Saturation | Normal |
Sharpness | Soft |
Unique image ID | d20ce5246865e91cbeb9de25a650884a |
Geodetic survey data used | WGS-84 |
GPS tag version | 2.2.0.0 |
IIM version | 4 |