File:Ecological Processes Coral Reefs.jpg

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DescriptionEcological Processes Coral Reefs.jpg	English: Multiple Stressors and Ecological Complexity Require A New Approach to Coral Reef Research (2016). Pendleton Linwood Hagan, Hoegh-Guldberg Ove, Langdon Chris, Comte Adrien. Frontiers in Marine Science 3, 00036. A conceptual framework describing ecological processes that contribute to coral reefs growth and maintenance versus the biological and anthropogenic factors that can work against these processes. The inner circle depicts important coral reef ecosystem constituent species. The next circle represents ecosystem features that are important to people. The next circle, along with the arrows showing calcification and decalcification illustrates that in pre-Anthropocene times coral reefs experienced net growth where calcification probably exceeded decalcification; the balance has been reversed at some time during the Anthropocene. The outermost circle captures key environmental stressors that affect coral reef health and determine whether coral reefs grow or decline (inspired by Cinner et al. 2015). Funding for this study was provided by the Prince Albert II Foundation. To read this study, visit (http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fmars.2016.00036/full). Linwood Pendleton is available for comment by contacting Erin McKenzie, erin.mckenzie@duke.edu. Español: Diagrama conceptual que describe los procesos ecológicos que contribuyen al crecimiento y mantenimiento de los arrecifes de coral y los factores antropogénicos que pueden afectar negativamente a estos procesos. Puedes leer este estudio completo en la siguiente dirección: http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fmars.2016.00036/full. Linwood Pendleton esta disponible para comentarios a través de Erin McKenzie, erin.mckenzie@duke.edu.
Date	15 June 2015
Source	Own work
Author	Vgonzalezortiz
Permission (Reusing this file)	http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fmars.2016.00036/full

http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fmars.2016.00036/full

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current	09:58, 21 March 2016		3,508 × 2,481 (2.35 MB)	Vgonzalezortiz (talk \| contribs)	{{Information \|Description ={{en\|1= Multiple Stressors and Ecological Complexity Require A New Approach to Coral Reef Research (2016). Pendleton Linwood Hagan, Hoegh-Guldberg Ove, Langdon Chris, Comte Adrien. Frontiers in Marine Science 3, 00036....

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Author	V. Gonzalez Ortiz
Copyright holder	This is an open-access figure distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in the journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
Credit/Provider	vgonzalezortiz.com
Online copyright statement	http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Short title	Conceptual_framework_coral
Image title	TITLE=Multiple Stressors and Ecological Complexity Require A New Approach to Coral Reef ResearchAUTHORS=Pendleton Linwood Hagan, Hoegh-Guldberg Ove, Langdon Chris, Comte AdrienJOURNAL=Frontiers in Marine ScienceVOLUME=3YEAR=2016In a new study published in the journal Frontiers in Marine Science, the Nicholas Institute for Environmental Policy Solutions’ Linwood Pendleton—with co-authors from the University of Miami, the University of Queensland and the University of Brest—report that evidence is stacking up to suggest that impacts to coral reefs may be underestimated. In Pendleton words: The science is developing so rapidly around impacts to coral reefs that most in the public and scientific community have developed opinions based on outdated studies that focus on just one stressor or species of coral at a time. The has led to two main misconceptions—the risk to coral reefs from global environmental changes may be overblown, and the complexity of coral reef ecosystem may make them more resilient to global environmental changes such as warmer seas, bleaching, and ocean acidification.Our work reviews recent scientific literature, with a focus on the last five years, in an effort to better understand what is known about coral reefs when they are exposed to more than one stressor. We also examined recent discoveries about the ways these stresses affect different aspects of ecological health and functioning in reefs. It’s not just bleaching and a loss of calcium shells, changes in temperature, and ocean acidification—driven by the increased carbon dioxide in the atmosphere—can cause coral reefs to grow more slowly and inhibit their reproduction. When these stresses occur simultaneously, they have effects that are far more detrimental than previously anticipated. The implications are, one, coral reef ecosystems may start to die or change much sooner than we thought, and two, coral reefs that are damaged, whether by storms, bleaching, or human-created actions, can’t rebound like they once could.Funding for this study was provided by the Prince Albert II Foundation. To read this study, visit (http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fmars.2016.00036/full). Linwood Pendleton is available for comment by contacting Erin McKenzie, erin.mckenzie@duke.edu or 919.613.3652.
Date and time of data generation	15 June 2015
Width	3,508 px
Height	2,481 px
Bits per component	8 8 8
Compression scheme	LZW
Pixel composition	RGB
Orientation	Normal
Number of components	3
Horizontal resolution	300 dpi
Vertical resolution	300 dpi
Data arrangement	chunky format
Software used	Adobe Photoshop CS6 (Macintosh)
File change date and time	10:24, 21 March 2016
Color space	Uncalibrated
Date and time of digitizing	11:47, 16 June 2015
Date metadata was last modified	11:24, 21 March 2016
Rating (out of 5)	5
Unique ID of original document	xmp.did:A36B921C072168118083C4334C6BD0CF
Writer	Linwood H. Pendleton
Copyright status	Copyright status not set
Keywords	Coral reefs multiple stressors mesocosm-level research Climate Change ocean acidification
Contact information	vgonzalezortizic@gmail.com vgonzalezortiz.com , ,

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