File:Garden Cave - karst window (San Salvador Island, Bahamas) 6 (16241477519).jpg
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DescriptionGarden Cave - karst window (San Salvador Island, Bahamas) 6 (16241477519).jpg |
Window (skylight) over Garden Cave, located near the hilltop south of Reckley Hill Pond & north of the eastern end of Crescent Pond, northeastern San Salvador Island, eastern Bahamas. Garden Cave is hosted in a lithified sand dune ridge composed of aragonitic calcarenite limestones of the Owl's Hole Formation (Middle Pleistocene). This cave is a partially collapsed flank margin cave. Flank margin caves form at the flanks of carbonate islands and at the margins of fresh-groundwater lenses. As such, flank margin caves are phreatic features. In the vicinity of the seawater-freshwater mixing zone (halocline) of a groundwater lens (see diagram - www.carbonatecreek.com/caves/images/carbisland.gif), relatively rapid dissolution of limestone occurs due to the high aggressivity of the water. Limestone dissolution at Garden Cave occurred during the Middle Pleistocene and/or Late Pleistocene. Flank margin caves have no surface entrances. Access to them occurs only after surficial erosion intercepts chambers or passages. Garden Cave is an erosional remnant of a larger flank margin cave. Much of the remaining cave has large to small ceiling collapses, resulting in windows (a.k.a. skylights) - subvertical conduits and openings between the land surface and cave passages or rooms. The cave is now partially filled with fine-grained sediments, limestone rubble, and soil. |
Date | |
Source | Garden Cave - karst window (San Salvador Island, Bahamas) 6 |
Author | James St. John |
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This image was originally posted to Flickr by jsj1771 at https://www.flickr.com/photos/47445767@N05/16241477519. It was reviewed on 2 March 2015 by FlickreviewR and was confirmed to be licensed under the terms of the cc-by-2.0. |
2 March 2015
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current | 21:10, 2 March 2015 | 4,000 × 3,000 (3.72 MB) | Jacopo Werther (talk | contribs) | Transferred from Flickr via Flickr2Commons |
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Camera manufacturer | Canon |
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Camera model | Canon PowerShot D10 |
Exposure time | 1/320 sec (0.003125) |
F-number | f/4 |
ISO speed rating | 80 |
Date and time of data generation | 09:58, 20 March 2011 |
Lens focal length | 11.614 mm |
Orientation | Normal |
Horizontal resolution | 180 dpi |
Vertical resolution | 180 dpi |
Software used | Adobe Photoshop CS2 Macintosh |
File change date and time | 00:06, 31 January 2015 |
Y and C positioning | Co-sited |
Exif version | 2.21 |
Date and time of digitizing | 09:58, 20 March 2011 |
Meaning of each component |
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Image compression mode | 3 |
APEX shutter speed | 8.3125 |
APEX aperture | 4 |
APEX exposure bias | 0 |
Maximum land aperture | 4 APEX (f/4) |
Metering mode | Pattern |
Flash | Flash did not fire, compulsory flash suppression |
Supported Flashpix version | 1 |
Color space | sRGB |
Focal plane X resolution | 16,460.905349794 |
Focal plane Y resolution | 16,483.516483516 |
Focal plane resolution unit | inches |
Sensing method | One-chip color area sensor |
File source | Digital still camera |
Custom image processing | Normal process |
Exposure mode | Auto exposure |
White balance | Auto white balance |
Digital zoom ratio | 1 |
Scene capture type | Landscape |
Supported Flashpix version | 1 |
Image width | 4,000 px |
Image height | 3,000 px |
Date metadata was last modified | 19:06, 30 January 2015 |
IIM version | 2 |