File:Hyolithe Spence Shale 01.png

Mark A. Wilson

Professor

Department of Geology

The College of Wooster

Wooster, OH 44691 USA [1]

Contributing to Wikipedia since 9 May 2007.

My philosophy of Wikipedia and education is described in this InsideHigher.com editorial.

All my images below are posted on Wikipedia pages. They are public domain and may be freely used for any purpose.

Body Fossils edit

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  Craniid brachiopod Petrocrania scabiosa from the Bellevue Formation (Upper Ordovician, Katian) in northern Kentucky.
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  Polished section of the Upper Ordovician bryozoan Amplexopora with Trypanites borings; northern Kentucky.
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  Fossils ooimmured in ooids from the Carmel Formation (Middle Jurassic of Utah).
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  Chesapecten, barnacles and sponge borings (Entobia) from the Pliocene of York River, Virginia.
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  Pentremites sp., a blastoid from the Lower Carboniferous of Kentucky.
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  Pentremites sp. from the Glen Dean Formation (Lower Carboniferous) of Kentucky; aboral view of theca.
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  Terebratulid brachiopod from the Campanian (Upper Cretaceous) of southwestern France.
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  Pycnodonte vesicularis left valve interior; Aubeterre Formation, Campanian, SW France.
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  Pycnodonte vesicularis right valve interior; Aubeterre Formation, Campanian, SW France.
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  Liostrea strigilecula from the Carmel Formation (Middle Jurassic) of southwestern Utah.
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  Trepostome bryozoans from the Bellevue Formation (Upper Ordovician, Katian) in northern Kentucky.
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  Fossiliferous slab of the Whitewater Formation (Upper Ordovician) exposed near Richmond, Indiana.
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  Prasopora falesi (James, 1884) from the Decorah Formation (Katian, Upper Ordovician) exposed in Decorah, Iowa.
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  Lecthaylus gregarius, a sipunculan worm from the Silurian of Illinois.
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  Lecthaylus gregarius, a Silurian sipunculan from Illinois.
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  Praeexogyra hebridica from the Frome Clay (Bathonian, Middle Jurassic) of Langton Herring, Dorset, England.
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  Trepostome bryozoan with bioerosion; Bellevue Formation, Upper Ordovician (Katian), northern Kentucky.
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  Ammonite interiors, Pierre Shale, Upper Cretaceous, South Dakota.
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  Cross-section of Stereolasma rectum, a rugose coral from the Middle Devonian of Erie County, New York.
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  Tabulate coral Calapoecia huronensis Billings, 1865; Waynesville Formation, Upper Ordovician, Caesar Creek, Ohio.
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  Syringothyris texta Hall 1857, dorsal view. Lower Carboniferous of Wooster, Ohio.
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  Lobatus gigas from the Pleistocene (Eemian) of Great Inagua, The Bahamas.
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  Lobatus gigas abapertural view; juvenile; San Salvador Island, The Bahamas.
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  Lobatus gigas apertural view; juvenile; San Salvador Island, The Bahamas.
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  Polinices galianor from the Pliocene of San Diego County, California.
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  Polinices galianor umbilicus; Pliocene of San Diego County, California.
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  Strophomenid brachiopod Leptaena from the Upper Ordovician of Iowa.
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  The trilobite Flexicalymene meeki; Waynesville Formation; Upper Ordovician; Caesar Creek, Ohio.
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  Flexicalymene meeki; Waynesville Formation; Upper Ordovician; Caesar Creek, Ohio.
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  Cererithyris arkelli Almeras, 1970; dorsal view; Middle Jurassic (Bathonian); Ranville, Calvados, France.
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  Atrypa sp.; Couvinian (Middle Devonian); El Pical, Leon, Spain. Eroded to show spiralia on the right.
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  Zygospira modesta, an atrypid brachiopod from the Waynesville Formation, Upper Ordovician, southern Ohio.
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  Fossils from the Calvert Formation, Zone 10, Calvert Co., MD (Miocene).
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  Fossils from the Calvert Formation, Zone 10, Calvert Co., MD (Miocene).
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  Ladogia sp., a rhynchonellid brachiopod from the Devonian of western Russia.
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  Mytilus (Falcimytilus) jurensis from the Middle Jurassic (Callovian) Matmor Formation of southern Israel.
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  Kutchirhynchia morieri, Luc-sur-Mer, France, Middle Jurassic (Upper Bathonian), dorsal view.
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  Kutchirhynchia morieri, Luc-sur-Mer, France, Middle Jurassic (Upper Bathonian), ventral view.
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  Leptosphinctes sp., microconch, Dorset, England, Middle Jurassic.
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  Fusinus sp. from the Pliocene of Cyprus.
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  Canadaspis perfecta from the Burgess Shale (Middle Cambrian) of British Columbia, Canada.
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  Internal mold of crinoid stem lumen (and external mold of stem); Lower Carboniferous, Ohio.
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  Conus pelagicus Brocchi 1814 from the Pliocene of Cyprus.
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  The gastropod Gibbula sp. from the Pliocene of Cyprus; note predation scars.
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  Gastropod opercula from the Pliocene of Cyprus.
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  Bolinus brandaris from the Pliocene of Cyprus.
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  Astraea rugosa (Linnaeus, 1767) from the Pliocene of Cyprus.
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  Echinolampas ovalis, Middle Eocene, Civrac-en-Médoc ,France; oral view.
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  Echinolampas ovalis, Middle Eocene, Civrac-en-Médoc ,France; aboral view.
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  Actinostreon spp. from the Matmor Formation (Middle Jurassic) of Makhtesh Gadol, southern Israel.
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  Peronidella, a calcisponge from the Matmor Formation (Callovian) of southern Israel.
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  Peronidella, a calcisponge from the Matmor Formation (Callovian) of southern Israel; osculum view.
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  Pseudocidaris spine; Matmor Formation (Middle Jurassic) of Makhtesh Gadol, Israel.
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  Esthoniopora sp. from the Upper Ordovician (Kukruse) of Estonia.
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  Constellaria polystomella from the Liberty Formation, Caesar Creek Lake, Ohio.
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  Trepostome bryozoan with borings; Whitewater Formation (Upper Ordovician, upper Katian), eastern Indiana.
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  Polished petrified wood. Location unknown.
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  Polished section of petrified wood showing rings. Location unknown.
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  Polished petrified wood showing cells. Location unknown.
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  Heliophyllum halli, a rugose coral from the Centerfield Limestone Member (Middle Devonian), Bethany Center, New York.
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  Striispirifer niagarensis (Conrad, 1843) from the Sheinwoodian (Silurian) of New York; Rochester Shale, Member D.
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  Cincinnetina meeki (Miller, 1875) from the Cincinnatian (Upper Ordovician) of southern Ohio.
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  Cincinnetina meeki (Miller, 1875) from the Cincinnatian (Upper Ordovician) of southern Ohio.
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  Raphidonema faringdonense from the Faringdon Sponge Gravels (Cretaceous) of England.
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  Meyeria ornata, a lobster from the Speeton Clay (Lower Cretaceous).
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  Isocrania costata from the Upper Maastrichtian (Upper Cretaceous), ENCI Quarry, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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  External mold of the Upper Ordovician bivalve Anomalodonta gigantea from the Waynesville Formation of Franklin County, Indiana.
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  Phaenopora superba, a bryozoan from the Brassfield Formation (Silurian) of Ohio.
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  Goldringia cyclops (formerly Gyroceras cyclops), a nautiloid from the Columbus Limestone (Middle Devonian, Eifelian) near Delaware, Ohio.
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  Olenellus terminatus; Pyramid Shale Member of the Carrara Formation; Emigrant Pass, Inyo County, California.
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  The scleractinian coral Microsolena from the Matmor Formation, Middle Jurassic, southern Israel.
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  Base of the scleractinian coral Microsolena showing beekite rings; Middle Jurassic of southern Israel.
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  Epistreptophyllum, a scleractinian coral from the Matmor Formation (Middle Jurassic) of southern Israel.
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  Axosmilia, a scleractinian coral from the Matmor Formation (Middle Jurassic) of southern Israel; side view.
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  Axosmilia, a scleractinian coral from the Matmor Formation (Middle Jurassic) of southern Israel; oral view.
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  Amphiastrea Etallon 1859; a scleractinian coral from the Matmor Formation (Callovian) of southern Israel.
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  Chlamys sp. 1; Nicosia Formation (Pliocene) of Cyprus.
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  Exogyra costata from the Prairie Bluff Formation (Maastrichtian); Starkville, Mississippi.
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  Chesaconcavus sp.; a large barnacle from the Miocene of Maryland.
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  Chesaconcavus sp.; a Miocene barnacle from Maryland. Basal view with bioimmured smaller barnacles.
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  Reptoclausa hagenowi, a bryozoan from the Lower Cretaceous (Aptian) Faringdon Sponge Gravels of England.
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  Jurassic ammonite internal mold redeposited in Cretaceous sediments (and thus remanie); Faringdon Sponge Gravels, England.
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  Productid brachiopod ventral valve exterior; Roadian, Guadalupian (Middle Permian); Glass Mountains, Texas.
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  Productid brachiopod ventral valve interior; Roadian, Guadalupian (Middle Permian); Glass Mountains, Texas.
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  Rhynchonellid brachiopod with interior crura (lophophore support) visible; Roadian, Guadalupian (Middle Permian); Glass Mountains, Texas.
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  Tropidoleptus carinatus, an orthid brachiopod from the Middle Devonian of Ohio.
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  Aspidiscus cristatus; Cenomanian (Upper Cretaceous) En Yorqe'am Formation; southern Israel; oral view; round holes are bivalve borings-bioclaustrations.
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  Aspidiscus cristatus; Cenomanian (Upper Cretaceous) En Yorqe'am Formation; southern Israel; aboral view.
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  Asteroid ray fragment (oral surface); 1 m from top of Zichor Formation (Coniacian, Upper Cretaceous), southern Israel.
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  Aulopora (a tabulate coral) from the Silica Shale (Middle Devonian) of northwestern Ohio.
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  Gryphaea sp. from the Cretaceous of Texas; left valve interior and exterior (same specimen).
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  Pycnodonte pulaskiensis from the Clayton Formation (Paleocene) of Mississippi.
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  Laevitrigonia gibbosa from the Portland Limestone Formation (Upper Jurassic), Isle of Portland, Dorset, England.
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  The early Middle Triassic bivalve Ramonalina (Makhtesh Ramon, southern Israel).
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  Thecideide brachiopod (T), sabellid worm tube (S) and bryozoans (B) on the shell of the bivalve Ctenostreon from the Upper Jurassic of Poland.
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  Elrathia kingii from the Wheeler Shale (Middle Cambrian), Utah.
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  Apiocrinites negevensis from the Matmor Formation, Middle Jurassic (Callovian), southern Israel.
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  The distinctive proximale of Apiocrinites negevesis; Matmor Formation; Middle Jurassic of southern Israel.
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  The Ordovician cystoid Echinosphaerites aurantium from northeastern Estonia.
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  Eucalyptocrinites calyx from the Kaugatuma Formation (Upper Silurian, Pridoli), Saaremaa, Estonia.
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  Calcite crystals inside a test of the cystoid Echinosphaerites aurantium (Middle Ordovician, northeastern Estonia).
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  Calcite cements in the Ordovician cystoid Echinosphaerites aurantium from northeastern Estonia.
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  Encrusting graptolite (Thallograptus sphaericola) on the cystoid Echinosphaerites aurantium (Middle Ordovician, northeastern Estonia).
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  Thallograptus sphaericola, a dendroid graptolite, attached to the cystoid Echinosphaerites aurantium; Ordovician of northeastern Estonia.
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  Pendeograptus fruticosus from the Bendigonian Australian Stage (Lower Ordovician; 477-474 mya) near Bendigo, Victoria, Australia. Two overlapping, three-stiped rhabdosomes.
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  A Middle Ordovician hardground from Utah with echinoderm holdfasts cemented to its upper surface.
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  Carbonate hardground with bryozoan and borings from the Upper Ordovician of northern Kentucky, USA.
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  Stigmatella personata; trepostome bryozoan encrusting the underside of a carbonate hardground; borings are Trypanites; Corryville Formation; Upper Ordovician; Mason County, Kentucky.
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  Longitudinal thin-section of Stigmatella personata; a trepostome bryozoan encrusting a carbonate hardground; Corryville Formation; Upper Ordovician; Mason County, Kentucky.
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  Cross-section of a carbonate hardground encrusted by oysters and bored by bivalves (Gastrochaenolites); Carmel Formation (Middle Jurassic) of southern Utah.
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  Middle Jurassic (Callovian) crinoid pluricolumnals (Apiocrinites) from the Matmor Formation in Hamakhtesh Hagadol, southern Israel (Locality C/W-608).
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  Prasopora, a trepostome bryozoan from the Ordovician of Iowa.
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  Fossils in Ordovician oil shale (kukersite), northern Estonia.
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  College of Wooster students collecting fossils; Ordovician of Indiana.
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  Ordovician bryozoans from Indiana.
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  Brachiopods; Logan Formation (Lower Carboniferous); Wooster, Ohio.
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  Bivalves (Aviculopecten) and brachiopods (Syringothyris) in the Logan Formation (Lower Carboniferous) of Wooster, Ohio.
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  Crinoid external molds; Logan Formation (Lower Carboniferous); Wooster. Ohio.
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  Aviculopecten subcardiformis from the Logan Formation, (Lower Carboniferous); Wooster, Ohio.
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  Syringothyris sp.; a spiriferid brachiopod from the Logan Formation (Lower Carboniferous) of Wooster, Ohio (internal molds).
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  Gastropod and attached mytilid bivalves on a Jurassic limestone bedding plane in southern Israel.
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  Peltoceras solidum ammonite from the Matmor Formation (Jurassic, Callovian) in the Matmor Formation, Makhtesh Gadol, Israel.
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  Hederelloids encrusting a brachiopod from the Devonian of Ohio.
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  Scanning electron microscope image of a hederelloid from the Devonian of Michigan.
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  Three hederelloid species on a Devonian rugose coral.
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  Halysites (Silurian tabulate coral).
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  Thin-section of Halysites (Silurian tabulate coral).
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  Ordovician fossils from Minnesota; brachiopods and bryozoans.
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  Receptaculitid, considered a member of the Order Dasycladales; Ordovician of Estonia.
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  Receptaculitid from the Kimmswick Limestone (Middle Ordovician) near Ozora, Missouri.
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  Receptaculitid underside showing merom structure.
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  Brown bodies in an Ordovician bryozoan.
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  Edrioasteroid (Cystaster stellatus) from the Ordovician of northern Kentucky.
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  Ostreolith ("oyster ball") from the Carmel Formation (Jurassic) of southwestern Utah.
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  Liostrea strigilecula on an ostreolith ("oyster ball") from the Carmel Formation (Jurassic) of southwestern Utah.
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  Ostreolith ("oyster ball") interior showing an aragonitic shell cast as the nucleus and Gastrochaenolites borings; Carmel Formation (Jurassic) of southwestern Utah.
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  Hyolithes cerops Walcott from the Spence Shale near Paris, Idaho (Middle Cambrian).
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  Haplophrentis carinatus from the Stephen Formation, Burgess Shale (Middle Cambrian), Burgess Pass, British Columbia, Canada.
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  Hyoliths from the Middle Ordovician of northern Estonia; these are internal molds.
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  Ordovician strophomenid brachiopod encrusted with bryozoans and inarticulate brachiopods (Petrocrania).
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  Petrocrania brachiopods attached to a strophomenid brachiopod; Upper Ordovician of southeastern Indiana.
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  Baculites specimen in the field; western South Dakota, Late Cretaceous. Part of the phragmocone and part of the body chamber visible.
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  Baculites showing sutures and remnant aragonite; western South Dakota, Late Cretaceous.
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  Close-up of a conulariid from the Mississippian of Indiana.
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  Conulariid from the Mississippian of Indiana.
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  Ichthyosaur vertebrae from the Sundance Formation (Jurassic) of Natrona County, Wyoming.
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  Mosasaur skeleton (Cretaceous); Natural History Museum of Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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  Mosasaur front paddle (Cretaceous); Natural History Museum of Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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  Nummulitid foraminiferans from the Eocene near Al Ain, United Arab Emirates. Microspheric and megalospheric specimens shown.
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  A broken concretion with fossils inside; Late Cretaceous near Ekalaka, Montana.
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  Matthevia, a Late Cambrian polyplacophoran from the Hellnmaria Member of the Notch Peak Limestone, Steamboat Pass, southern House Range, Utah.
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  Gorgonian holdfast on a Miocene limestone surface, Czech Republic.
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  Octocoral holdfast on a limestone substrate (Pleistocene, Sicily); collected by A. Vertino.
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  Crinoid columnals (Isocrinus nicoleti) from the Middle Jurassic Carmel Formation at Mount Carmel Junction, Utah.
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  Isocrinus nicoleti columnals from the Carmel Formation (Middle Jurassic) of Kane County, Utah.
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  Amplexograptus from the Ordovician near Caney Springs, Tennessee.
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  Viburnum lesquereuxii leaf with insect damage; Dakota Sandstone (Cretaceous) of Ellsworth County, Kansas.
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  Lepidodendron external mold from the Upper Carboniferous of Ohio.
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  Stigmaria, a root of Lepidodendron. Upper Carboniferous of northeastern Ohio.
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  Lepidodendron root (Stigmaria) with rootlets attached. Upper Carboniferous of northeastern Ohio.
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  Fossil seed fern (Neuropteris ovata Hoffmann) from the Late Carboniferous of northeastern Ohio.
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  Trigonia sp. from the Glen Rose Formation (Cretaceous) near Austin, Texas.
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  Tentaculitids from the Devonian of Maryland. Scale bar is 5.0 mm.
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  Tabulate coral (a syringoporid); Boone Limestone (Lower Carboniferous) near Hiwasse, Arkansas.
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  Favosites sp. from the Upper Ordovician of southern Indiana.
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  Sagittal cross-section of Favosites showing communication pores between the corallites. Upper Ordovician of southern Indiana.
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  Scleractinian coral from the Matmor Formation (Jurassic, Callovian) of Makhtesh Gadol, Israel.
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  Rudist bivalves (Vaccinites) from the Cretaceous of the Omani Mountains, United Arab Emirates.
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  Platystrophia ponderosa, Maysvillian (Upper Ordovician) near Madison, Indiana.
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  Phacopid trilobite from the Devonian of Ohio.
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  Silurian Pentamerus brachiopod.
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  Solitary rugose coral (Grewingkia) in three views; Ordovician, southeastern Indiana.
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  Tullimonstrum gregarium in a concretion from the Mazon Creek (Upper Carboniferous), Illinois.
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  Inoceramus from the Cretaceous of South Dakota.
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  Internal mold of a nautiloid from the Upper Ordovician of northern Kentucky. Note the encruster over the mold.
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  Crinoid holdfasts and bryozoans on an Upper Ordovician cobble from northern Kentucky.
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  Protaraea richmondensis, a heliolitid coral; Cincinnatian (Upper Ordovician) of southeastern Indiana.
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  Zygospira modesta, atrypid brachiopods, preserved in their original positions on a trepostome bryozoan; Cincinnatian (Upper Ordovician) of southeastern Indiana.
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  Root-like crinoid holdfast (Ordovician, southern Ohio).
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  Hypostome of the trilobite Isotelus (Ordovician of southern Ohio).
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  Rhynchotrema dentatum, a brachiopod from the Cincinnatian (Upper Ordovician) of southeastern Indiana.
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  Cladocora from the Pliocene of Cyprus.
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  Aporrhais from the Pliocene of Cyprus.
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  Petaloconchus (vermetid gastropod) attached to the coral Cladocora; Nicosia Formation (Pliocene); Cyprus.
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  Gastropod and attached wormtube from the Pliocene of Cyprus.
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  Turritella cingulifera from the Pliocene of Cyprus.
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  Spondylus from the Pliocene of Cyprus.
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  Spondylus from the Pliocene of Cyprus.
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  Diodora italica from the Pliocene of Cyprus.
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  Dentalium from the Pliocene of Cyprus.
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  Anadara from the Pliocene of Cyprus.
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  Amusium cristatum from the Pliocene of Cyprus.
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  Belemnite from the very top of the Zohar Formation (Jurassic) near Neve Atif, the Golan.
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  Anomalocaris from the Mt. Stephen Trilobite Beds, Middle Cambrian, near Field, British Columbia, Canada.
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  Anomalocaridid from the Walcott Quarry, Burgess Shale, Middle Cambrian, British Columbia, Canada.
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  Scenella from the Burgess Shale, Middle Cambrian, Walcott Quarry, near Field, British Columbia.
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  Vauxia (sponge) from the Walcott Quarry of the Burgess Shale (Middle Cambrian) near Field, British Columbia, Canada.
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  Ottoia prolifica (priapulid worm) from the Walcott Quarry of the Burgess Shale (Middle Cambrian) near Field, British Columbia, Canada.
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  Olenoides serratus from the Mt. Stephen Trilobite Beds (Middle Cambrian) near Field, British Columbia, Canada.
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  Stromatolites (Pika Formation, Cambrian) near Helen Lake, Banff National Park, Canada.
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  Stromatolites in the Soeginina Beds (Paadla Formation, Ludlow, Silurian) near Kübassaare, Saaremaa, Estonia.
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  Quinqueloculina sp. from Donegal Bay, Ireland.
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  Triticites sp. cross-section; Plattsmouth Chert; Red Oak, Iowa; Permian.
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  Bolboporites, Frizy Member, Volkhov Formation, near St. Petersburg, Russia (Middle Ordovician, Volkhovian).
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  Bolboporites, Frizy Member, Volkhov Formation, near St. Petersburg, Russia (Middle Ordovician, Volkhovian).
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  Exogyra costata from the Owl Creek Formation, Late Cretaceous, near Ripley, Mississippi.
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  Articulated ostracod valves in cross-section from the Permian of central Texas.
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  Strophomenid brachiopod valve with an encrusting cornulitid (Upper Ordovician, southeastern Indiana).
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  Cornulitids on a bryozoan substrate; Bellevue Member, Grant Lake Formation; Upper Ordovician of northern Kentucky.
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  Cornulitid on a strophomenid brachiopod valve (Upper Ordovician, southeastern Indiana).
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  Discoscaphites iris, Owl Creek Formation (Upper Cretaceous), Ripley, Mississippi.
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  Scapanorhynchus texanus, Menuha Formation (Upper Cretaceous), southern Israel. Collected by Andrew Retzler.
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  Cretaceous shark teeth (mostly Scapanorhynchus) from the Menuha Formation (Upper Cretaceous), southern Israel.
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  Hadrodus prisca, Menuha Formation (Upper Cretaceous), southern Israel. Collected by Andrew Retzler.
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  Microconchid on a Middle Devonian (Givetian) brachiopod from the Silica Shale, northwestern Ohio.
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  Helicoconchus elongatus, a microconchid from the Lower Permian of Texas.
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  Helicoconchus elongatus, a microconchid from the Lower Permian of Texas (showing branching).
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  Helicoconchus elongatus, a microconchid from the Lower Permian of Texas (view of branching aggregation of tubes).
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  Microconchid (Palaeoconchus angulatus) on a brachiopod shell from the Potter Farm Formation (Middle Devonian, Givetian) in Alpena, Michigan.
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  Stromatoporoid side view showing laminae and pillars; Columbus Limestone (Devonian), Kelleys Island, Ohio.
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  Stromatoporoid top view showing mamelons; Columbus Limestone (Devonian), Kelleys Island, Ohio.
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  Platyceratid (Palaeocapulus acutirostre) snail on a crinoid calyx (Logan Formation; Mississippian of Ohio).
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  Cross-section of a Lower Carboniferous crinoid with an in situ parasitic platyceratid gastropod.
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  Crinoid stem replaced by marcasite in a siderite concretion; Lower Carboniferous.
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  Platyceras pulcherrimum from the Logan Formation (Mississippian) of Wooster, Ohio.
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  Encrusted hiatus concretion from the Kope Formation (Upper Ordovician) of Covington, Kentucky. Encrusters include bryozoans and crinoids.
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  Belemnites from the Jurassic of Wyoming.
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  Bryozoans encrusting the right valve interior of an oyster from the Coon Creek Beds of the Ripley Formation (Upper Cretaceous) near Blue Springs, Mississippi.
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  Entobia borings and the cyclostome bryozoan Voigtopora thurni on an oyster valve from the Coon Creek Beds of the Ripley Formation (Upper Cretaceous) near Blue Springs, Mississippi.
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  Sphenothallus holdfast from the Kope Formation (Upper Ordovician), Gunpowder Creek, Kentucky.
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  Merycoidodon skull right side (Oligocene of Nebraska).
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  Merycoidodon skull left side (Oligocene of Nebraska).
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  Mammut americanum tooth, side view (Pleistocene, Holmes County, Ohio).
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  Mammut americanum tooth surface (Pleistocene, Holmes County, Ohio).
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  Mammuthus tooth, side view (Pleistocene, Holmes County, Ohio).
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  Mammuthus tooth surface (Pleistocene, Holmes County, Ohio).
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  Hercosestria cribrosa Cooper & Grant 1969 (Roadian, Guadalupian, Middle Permian); Glass Mountains, Texas.
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  Hercosestria cribrosa Cooper & Grant 1969 (Roadian, Guadalupian, Middle Permian); Glass Mountains, Texas.
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  Hercosestria cribrosa Cooper & Grant 1969 (Roadian, Guadalupian, Middle Permian); Glass Mountains, Texas.
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  Tentaculitid from the New Creek Limestone (Lochkovian, Early Devonian) of New Creek, West Virginia.
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  Bactroptyxis trachaea, Aubry-en-exmes, Normandy, France; Middle Jurassic (Bathonian).
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  Bactroptyxis trachaea, Aubry-en-exmes, Normandy, France; Middle Jurassic (Bathonian).
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  Modern Mercenaria mercenaria left valve interior.
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  Left valve dentition of modern Mercenaria mercenaria.
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  Venerid bivalve; Wadi Umm Ghudran Formation (early Campanian), near Amman, Jordan.
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  Venerid bivalve dentition; Wadi Umm Ghudran Formation (early Campanian), near Amman, Jordan.
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  Coralliophaga coralliophaga (Gmelin, 1791) from Cockburntown Reef, San Salvador, The Bahamas (Pleistocene, Eemian).
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  Pleurodictyum americanum Roemer from the Kashong Shale (Hamilton Group), Middle Devonian (Givetian) of Livingston County, New York.
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  Pleurodictyum americanum Roemer (reverse) from the Kashong Shale (Hamilton Group), Middle Devonian (Givetian) of Livingston County, New York.
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  Side view of a xenophorid gastropod.
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  Aperture view of a xenophorid gastropod.
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  Hexactinellid sponge on a xenophorid gastropod.
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  Leptodus americanus from the Word Limestone (Permian) in Hess Canyon, Texas.
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  Baculites internal mold with all aragonite dissolved away.
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  Eurypterus from the Bertie Waterlime (Upper Silurian) of New York.
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  Marella splendens from the Burgess Shale (British Columbia, Canada, Middle Cambrian).
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  Lower mandible of Gigantopithecus blacki (cast) in the collections of The College of Wooster.
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  Crassostrea gigantissima (Finch, 1824) from the Eocene of Texas.
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  Crassostrea gigantissima (Finch, 1824) right valve interior (Eocene of Texas).
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  Pygites diphyoides (d'Orbigny, 1849) from Hauterivian (Lower Cretaceous) of Cehegin, Murcia, Spain.
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  Eroded Jurassic plesiosaur vertebral centrum found in the Lower Cretaceous Faringdon Sponge Gravels in Faringdon, England. An example of a remanié fossil.
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  Calcareous sponge with an encrusting crinoid from the Matmor Formation (Jurassic, Callovian) of Makhtesh Gadol, Israel.
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  Fusulinids from the Topeka Limestone (Virgilian, Upper Carboniferous) of Greenwood County, Kansas.
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  Burmirhynchia jirbaensis from the Matmor Formation (Jurassic, Callovian) of Makhteash Gadol, Israel.
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  Mammut americanum (American Mastodon) tusk from the Pleistocene of Holmes County, Ohio.
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  Peronopora from the Whitewater Formation of eastern Indiana.
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  Mucrospirifer mucronatus from the Silica Shale Formation (Middle Devonian) of Paulding County, Ohio.
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  The large ostracod Herrmannina from the Silurian (Ludlow) Soeginina Beds (Paadla Formation) on eastern Saaremaa Island, Estonia.
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  Silicified fossils from the Road Canyon Formation (Middle Permian of Texas).
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  Macrophthalmus latreillei, a Pleistocene sentinel crab from northern Australia.
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  Pattersonia ulrichi Rauff, 1894; an Ordovician hexactinellid sponge from near Cincinnati, Ohio.
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  Ophiopetra lithographica from the Lower Hienheim Beds (Lower Tithonian, Upper Jurassic) near Regensburg, Germany.
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  Praeexogyra acuminata (Sowerby, 1816) from the Sharp's Hill Formation (Middle Bathonian, Middle Jurassic) near Moreton-in-Marsh, Gloucestershire, England.
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  Otodus obliquus teeth from the Eocene near Khouribga, Morocco.
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  Coenothyris oweni from the Middle Triassic (Anisian) lower Saharonim Formation, Har Gevanim, southern Israel.
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  Onchopristis numidus from Kem Kem, Morocco; Tegana Formation (Cenomanian, Cretaceous).
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  Hibolites hastatus from the Jurassic near Moneva Teruel, Spain. Note the barnacle borings (Rogerella).
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  Deinosuchus hatcheri at the Natural History Museum of Utah.
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  Turritella from the Pleistocene of Sicily.
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  Keratoisis melitensis (Goldfuss, 1826) from the Lower Pleistocene of Cape Milazzo, Sicily, Italy. An octocoral of the Family Isididae.
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  Paracenoceras Spath, 1927 from the Matmor Formation (Middle Jurassic, Callovian) of Hamakhtesh Hagadol, southern Israel.
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  Galls with perforations on a crinoid stem (Apiocrinites negevensis) from the Middle Jurassic of southern Israel.
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  Discohelix tunisiensis, a gastropod from the Matmor Formation (Middle Jurassic) of southern Israel.
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  Strophodonta demissa from the Silica Shale (Middle Devonian) of Michigan.
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  Terebratula maugerii Boni, 1933. A terebratulid brachiopod from the Upper Miocene of Cordoba, Spain.
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  Septastrea marylandica, a scleractinian coral encrusting pagurized gastropod shells (Pliocene of Florida).
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  Euthria Gray 1850; Nicosia Formation, Pliocene, Cyprus.
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  Astraea rugosa with crab predation traces; Nicosia Formation, Pliocene, Cyprus.
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  Cross-section of an Orthoceras nautiloid from the Siluro-Devonian of Erfoud, Morocco.
• 
  Fossiliferous limestone slab from the Liberty Formation (Upper Ordovician) of Caesar Creek State Park near Waynesville, Ohio.
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  Streptelasma divaricans (Nicholson, 1875). A rugose coral from the Liberty Formation (Upper Ordovician) of southern Ohio.
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  Enallhelia, a Callovian (Middle Jurassic) scleractinian coral from the Matmor Formation of southern Israel.
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  Heterotrypa sp., a trepostome bryozoan from the Corryville Formation (Upper Ordovician) in Covington, Kentucky.
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  Cheilostome bryozoan (Schizoporella) with serpulid tubes; Recent; Cape Cod Bay, Duck Creek, near Wellfleet, Massachusetts; collected by H.A. Curran.
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  Macrocrinus verneuilianus (Shumard, 1855) from the Burlington Limestone (Lower Carboniferous) near Burlington, Iowa.
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  Hiatus concretion encrusted with crinoids and bryozoans; Kope Formation (Upper Ordovician), Gunpowder Creek, Kentucky.
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  Archaeocidaris plates and spines from the Bird Spring Formation (Carboniferous) exposed in Kyle Canyon, Spring Mountains, southern Nevada.
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  Glyptodon carapace fragment (Pleistocene).
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  Close view of Hexagonaria percarinata, a Devonian rugose coral from Michigan.
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  Agatized coral from the Hawthorn Group (Oligocene-Miocene) of Florida.
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  The coral Protaraea richmondensis on the brachiopod Rafinesquina ponderosa; Whitewater Formation, Indiana, Upper Ordovician.
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  Trigonocarpus trilocularis Hildreth 1838. Fossil ovule showing stalk attachment. Massillon Sandstone (Upper Carboniferous), NE Ohio.
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  Xenocrinus baeri (Meek, 1872); Upper Ordovician crinoid calyx from the Liberty Formation, Caesar Creek, Ohio.
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  Densastroma pexisum, a stromatoporoid from the Silurian of Saaremaa Island, Estonia.
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  Densastroma pexisum, a stromatoporoid from the Silurian of Saaremaa Island, Estonia. In the upper left is the boring Osprioneides.
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  Naticarius millepunctatus, Nicosia Formation, Pliocene, Cyprus.
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  Vermetus sp., Nicosia Formation, Pliocene, Cyprus.
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  Syringothyris external mold with borings; Logan Formation (Carboniferous); Wooster, Ohio.
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  Fimbria sp.; Matmor Formation (Middle Jurassic, Callovian); Makhtesh Gadol, southern Israel.
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  Encrinite from the Brassfield Formation (Silurian) near Fairborn, Ohio.
• 
  Chaetetid cross-sections, Benxi Formation (Moscovian) near Benxi, Liaoning, North China.
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  Chaetetid (top view), Bird Spring Formation (Upper Carboniferous) of southern Nevada.
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  Chaetetid (close view) from the Bird Spring Formation (Upper Carboniferous) of southern Nevada.
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  Chaetetid cross-section, Bird Spring Formation (Upper Carboniferous) of southern Nevada.
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  Utahraptor (Early Cretaceous) at Museum of Ancient Life (Lehi, Utah).
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  Rudist bivalve, Maurens Formation, Upper Cretaceous, SW France.

Trace Fossils edit

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  Trace fossil Gyrochorte from the Carmel Formation (Middle Jurassic) of SW Utah.
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  Thalassinoides burrow system in the Sherborne Building Stone (Jurassic, Bajocian) of Dorset, England; slab cut parallel to bedding.
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  Thalassinoides burrow system in the Sherborne Building Stone (Jurassic, Bajocian) of Dorset, England; slab cut perpendicular to bedding.
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  Borings in an Upper Ordovician bryozoan, Bellevue Formation, northern Kentucky; polished cross-section.
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  Entobia gallery; a boring produced by a clionaid sponge in a bivalve shell.
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  Gastrochaenolites (G) and Entobia (E) in limestone cobble from the Los Banós Formation, Upper Miocene, SE Spain.
• 
  Naticid boring in Stewartia from the Calvert Formation, Zone 10, Calvert Co., MD (Miocene).
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  Trace fossils from the Bull Fork Formation (Upper Ordovician); Caesar Creek, Ohio.
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  Helminthopsis ichnosp.; a trace fossil from the Logan Formation (Lower Carboniferous) of Wooster, Ohio.
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  Thalassinoides burrows produced by crustaceans; Middle Jurassic, Makhtesh Qatan, southern Israel.
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  Asteriacites, a trace fossil of an ophiuroid echinoderm; Carmel Formation (Jurassic), near Gunlock, Utah.
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  Asteriacites (sea star trace fossil) from the Devonian of northeastern Ohio.
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  Skolithos trace fossil.
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  Rusophycus trace fossil from the Ordovician of southern Ohio.
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  Zoophycos trace fossil from the Mississippian of northern Kentucky.
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  Viburnum lesquereuxii leaf with insect damage; Dakota Sandstone (Cretaceous) of Ellsworth County, Kansas.
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  Catellocaula vallata bioclaustration; Ordovician of Ohio.
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  Cretaceous hardground from Texas with encrusting oysters and borings.
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  Gastrochaenolites borings in a Middle Jurassic hardground, southern Utah.
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  Cross-section of a carbonate hardground encrusted by oysters and bored by bivalves (Gastrochaenolites); Carmel Formation (Middle Jurassic) of southern Utah.
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  Carbonate hardground; Ora Formation, Upper Cretaceous (Turonian), southern Israel.
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  Gastrochaenolites in a coral, Matmor Formation (Jurassic), Israel.
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  Rogerella in a crinoid stem, Matmor Formation (Jurassic), Israel.
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  Entobia, a modern boring formed by clionaid sponges.
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  Entobia sponge borings and the cyclostome bryozoan Voigtopora thurni on an oyster valve from the Coon Creek Beds of the Ripley Formation (Upper Cretaceous) near Blue Springs, Mississippi.
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  Numerous borings in a Cretaceous cobble, Faringdon, England.
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  Petroxestes pera borings in an Upper Ordovician hardground, Whitewater Formation, southern Ohio.
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  Petroxestes pera borings in a hardground; Whitewater Formation (Upper Ordovician) of southern Ohio.
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  Trypanites borings in an Upper Ordovician hardground, southeastern Indiana.
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  Sponge borings and encrusters on a modern bivalve shell, North Carolina.
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  Cross-section of a Jurassic rockground; borings include Gastrochaenolites (some with boring bivalves in place) and Trypanites; Mendip Hills, England.
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  Trypanites borings in an Upper Ordovician hardground from northern Kentucky.
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  Trypanites borings in an Upper Ordovician hardground from northern Kentucky. The borings are filled with diagenetic dolomite (yellowish). Note that the boring on the far right cuts through a shell in the matrix.
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  Teredolites borings in a modern wharf piling; the work of bivalves known as "shipworms".
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  Teredolites; an ichnogenus formed by boring bivalves in wood.
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  Cross-section of mammoth footprints at The Mammoth Site, Hot Springs, South Dakota.
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  Eubrontes, a dinosaur footprint in the Lower Jurassic Moenave Formation at the St. George Dinosaur Discovery Site at Johnson Farm, southwestern Utah.
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  Gigandipus, a dinosaur footprint in the Lower Jurassic Moenave Formation at the St. George Dinosaur Discovery Site at Johnson Farm, southwestern Utah.
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  Cameloid footprint (convex hyporelief) from the Barstow Formation (Miocene) of Rainbow Basin, California.
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  Petalichnus, trilobite walking traces. Devonian of northeastern Ohio.
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  Rusophycus and other trace fossils from the Gog Group, Early Cambrian, Lake Louise, Alberta, Canada.
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  Lockeia from the Dakota Formation (Upper Cretaceous).
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  Lockeia from the Chagrin Shale (Upper Devonian) of northeastern Ohio.
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  Gastroliths from Jurassic strata near Starr Springs, Utah.
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  Ropalonaria venosa, an etching trace fossil of a Late Ordovician ctenostome bryozoan; Cincinnatian of southeastern Indiana.
• 
  Gnathichnus pentax echinoid trace fossil on an oyster from the Cenomanian of Hamakhtesh Hagadol, southern Israel.
• 
  Hibolites hastatus from the Jurassic near Moneva Teruel, Spain. Note the barnacle borings (Rogerella).
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  Entobia, a sponge boring from the Prairie Bluff Chalk Formation (Maastrichtian, Upper Cretaceous) of Starkville, Mississippi. Preserved as a cast of the excavations.
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  Geopetal structure in bivalve boring in coral; bivalve shell visible; Matmor Formation (Middle Jurassic), southern Israel.
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  Syringothyris external mold with borings; Logan Formation (Carboniferous); Wooster, Ohio.

Pseudofossils edit

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  Pseudocoprolite from the Wilkes Formation (upper Miocene) of southwestern Washington state.
• 
  Pseudocoprolite from the Wilkes Formation (upper Miocene) of southwestern Washington state.
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  Manganese dendrites on a limestone bedding plane from Solnhofen, Germany. Scale in mm.
• 
  Concretion with calcite-filled septarian cracks. Scale in mm.
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  Eozoön canadense, a metamorphic rock made of interlayered calcite and serpentine. A famous pseudofossil. Scale in mm.
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  Cone-in-cone structures produced by compression of limestone. Sometimes mistaken for fossils, thus becoming examples of pseudofossils.
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  Cross-section of a concretion showing layers which resemble tree rings.

Carbonates edit

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  Encrinite within the Carmel Formation (Middle Jurassic) exposed at Mt. Carmel Junction, Utah.
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  Intraclasts (marked "In") in the Carmel Formation (Middle Jurassic) near Gunlock, Utah.
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  Corryville Formation (Upper Ordovician, Katian) exposed in Maysville, Kentucky.
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  Fossiliferous slab of the Whitewater Formation (Upper Ordovician) exposed near Richmond, Indiana.
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  Shakopee Formation (Lower Ordovician) exposed in Hernke's Rock Quarry near Cannon Falls, SE Minnesota.
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  Platteville Limestone (Upper Ordovician) exposed in Decorah, Iowa.
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  Bull Fork Formation (Richmondian, Upper Ordovician) exposed in Caesar Creek State Park, southern Ohio.
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  Hunstanton Formation ("Red Chalk") exposed south of Speeton Cliffs, North Yorkshire.
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  Passage Beds (Jurassic) at Filey Brigg, North Yorkshire.
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  Lower Lias sequence exposed at Nash Point, Glamorgan, Wales.
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  Carbonate hardground with corals, bryozoans and brachiopods from the Liberty Formation (Upper Ordovician), southern Ohio.
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  Crinoid columnals (Isocrinus nicoleti) in a biosparite/grainstone from the Middle Jurassic Carmel Formation at Mount Carmel Junction, Utah. Scale in mm.
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  Ripplemarks in a biosparite/grainstone from the Middle Jurassic Carmel Formation, southwestern Utah.
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  Ooids in limestone of the Carmel Formation (Middle Jurassic) of southwestern Utah.
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  Fossils ooimmured in ooids from the Carmel Formation (Middle Jurassic of Utah).
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  Ooids in thin-section; Carmel Formation (Middle Jurassic) of southern Utah.
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  Ooids on the surface of a limestone; Carmel Formation (Middle Jurassic) of southern Utah.
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  Ooids from a beach on Joulter's Cay, The Bahamas.
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  Pisolites in the Conococheague Limestone (Upper Cambrian) of eastern Pennsylvania.
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  Coral sand from a beach on Aruba.
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  Gastrochaenolites borings in a Middle Jurassic hardground, Carmel Formation, southern Utah.
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  Cross-section of a carbonate hardground encrusted by oysters and bored by bivalves (Gastrochaenolites); Carmel Formation (Middle Jurassic) of southern Utah.
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  Ordovician limestones, Tennessee.
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  Outcrop of Upper Ordovician rubbly limestone and shale, southern Indiana.
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  Thin-section of peloid sediment and sparry calcite cement in a recrystallized bivalve shell showing "way up" (thus a geopetal structure); limestone of the Bird Spring Formation (Carboniferous) of southern Nevada.
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  Peloids and a brachiopod shell visible in a limestone thin-section; Bird Spring Formation (Carboniferous) of southern Nevada.
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  Cross-section of a Jurassic rockground; borings include Gastrochaenolites (some with boring bivalves in place) and Trypanites; Mendip Hills, England.
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  Thrombolites in the Purbeck Formation (Jurassic), Isle of Portland, Dorset, England.
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  Cross-section of an Upper Ordovician hardground from Ohio. The light-colored vertical elements are Trypanites borings filled with dolomite.
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  A Middle Ordovician hardground from Utah with echinoderm holdfasts cemented to its upper surface.
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  Cretaceous hardground from Texas with encrusting oysters and borings.
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  Carbonate hardground with encrusting bryozoan; Kanosh Formation (Middle Ordovician) of Utah; scale in mm.
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  Portland Admiralty Roach from a quarry face on the Isle of Portland, Dorset.
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  Portland stone quarry, Isle of Portland, Dorset.
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  Holocene eolianite on Long Island, Bahamas.
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  Oncolites in the Alamo impact breccia (Guilmette Formation, Late Devonian, Frasnian) near Hancock Summit, Pahranagat Range, Nevada.
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  Atlantic shore of Long Island, The Bahamas.
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  Northern rocky shore of Great Inagua exposing Pleistocene reefal limestones.
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  Concretion from the Cretaceous of western South Dakota.
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  A broken concretion with fossils inside; Late Cretaceous near Ekalaka, Montana.
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  Bored hiatus concretions at the base of the Menuha Formation (Upper Cretaceous), the Negev, southern Israel.
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  Coquina from Florida. The scale bar is in mm.
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  Close-up of coquina from Florida.
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  Bioclasts in an Ordovician limestone; T = trilobite; E = echinoderm (crinoid).
• 
  Scientific papers on hardgrounds by period. Serves as a proxy for hardground abundance over time. Calcite and aragonite sea intervals are plotted on the time axis.
• 
  Eemian erosion surface in a fossil coral reef on Great Inagua, The Bahamas. Foreground shows corals truncated by erosion; behind the geologist is a post-erosion coral pillar which grew on the surface after sea level rose again.
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  Lithographic limestone from the Gerofit Formation (Turonian) north of Makhtesh Ramon, southern Israel; a variety of Jerusalem Stone (meleke).
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  Brassfield Limestone (Early Silurian) near Fairborn, Ohio, USA. An encrinite.
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  Broken surface of Brassfield Limestone (Early Silurian) near Fairborn, Ohio, showing sparry calcite cement.
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  Encrinite from the Brassfield Formation (Silurian) near Fairborn, Ohio.
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  Outcrop of Brassfield Limestone (Early Silurian) in Oakes Quarry near Fairborn, Ohio, USA.
• 
  Fossiliferous limestone slab from the Liberty Formation (Upper Ordovician) of Caesar Creek State Park near Waynesville, Ohio.
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  Hiatus concretion encrusted with crinoids and bryozoans; Kope Formation (Upper Ordovician), Gunpowder Creek, Kentucky.
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  Ripley Formation (Maastrichtian, Upper Cretaceous) rockground exposed near Greenville, Alabama.
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  Prairie Bluff Chalk Formation (Maastrichtian, Upper Cretaceous) in Starkville, Mississippi.
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  Paleontologist studying the Reynales Formation (Silurian) in Hickory Corners, New York.

Siliciclastics & Evaporites edit

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  Dundee Falls, Ohio; Dundee Sandstone (Upper Carboniferous).
• 
  Basal conglomerate of the Upper Cretaceous Iron Springs Formation (dark) overlying the light carbonates of the Carmel Formation (Middle Jurassic). Near Gunlock, southwestern Utah.
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  Mudcracks in the Carmel Formation (Middle Jurassic) near Gunlock, Utah.
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  Sandy conglomerate in the Hazeva Formation (Miocene) of southern Israel.
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  Monument to the 20th Massachusetts Infantry on the Gettysburg battlefield; Roxbury Puddingstone.
• 
  Roxbury Conglomerate used in the 20th Massachusetts Infantry monument on the Gettysburg Battlefield.
• 
  Rochester Shale (Silurian, Wenlockian) exposed in the Niagara Gorge, New York.
• 
  Kinneyia-like structure in the Grimsby Foramtion (Silurian) exposed in Niagara Gorge, New York.
• 
  Triassic wadi deposit near Ogmore-By-Sea, Wales. Clasts are Carboniferous limestone.
• 
  Osgodby Formation (Middle Jurassic) exposed on the shore of Cayton Bay, North Yorkshire.
• 
  Beach cobbles at Nash Point, South Wales.
• 
  Aztec Sandstone (Lower Jurassic) at Red Rock Canyon National Conservation Area near Las Vegas, Nevada.
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  Middle and Upper Triassic shallow marine sequence, Makhtesh Ramon, Israel.
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  Middle Triassic marginal marine sequence, southwestern Utah.
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  Kelso Dunes, Mojave National Preserve, California.
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  Avalanche deposits on a crest of the Kelso Dunes, Mojave National Preserve, California.
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  Sand blowing on the Kelso Dunes, Mojave National Preserve, California.
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  Sand from the Kelso Dunes, Mojave National Preserve, California.
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  Glacial outwash sediment, Knud Rasmussen Glacier, Greenland.
• 
  Black sand from a beach on Maui, Hawaii.
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  Papakōlea Beach sand near South Point, Kaʻū district, the island of Hawaiʻi. Sample from Lizzie Reinthal.
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  Papakōlea Beach sand near South Point, Kaʻū district, the island of Hawaiʻi. Sample from Lizzie Reinthal.
• 
  Quartz-rich sand from the Western Desert near Sakkara, Egypt.
• 
  Pitted sand grains from the Western Desert, Egypt. Pitting is a consequence of wind transportation.
• 
  Loess deposits in northern Patagonia, Argentina.
• 
  Loess exposed in Vicksburg, Mississippi.
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  Desert pavement near Barstow, California.
• 
  Heavy minerals (dark) in a quartz beach sand (Chennai, India.
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  Morton Salt facilities, Great Inagua, The Bahamas.
• 
  Basal conglomerate from the Cambrian of the Black Hills, South Dakota.
• 
  Tertiary debris flow deposit, Resting Springs Pass, California.
• 
  Badlands of Hell's Half-Acre in Natrona County, Wyoming.
• 
  Sand dune on the Sinai Peninsula.
• 
  Centripetal mudcracks in the Lower Jurassic Moenave Formation at the St. George Dinosaur Discovery Site at Johnson Farm, southwestern Utah.
• 
  Syneresis Cracks from the Drakes Formation (Upper Ordovician) of Adams County, Ohio, USA.
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  Conglomerate in the Logan Formation (Lower Carboniferous); Wooster, Ohio.
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  Sand from Pismo Beach, California.
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  Gypsum sand from White Sands National Monument, New Mexico.
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  Sand from Coral Pink Sand Dunes State Park, Utah.
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  Wadi sediments from the Barstow Formation (Miocene), Rainbow Basin, California.
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  Wadi sediments in Death Valley, California.
• 
  Cross-section through a sample of the Old Red Sandstone showing quartz and chert pebbles; central England; scale bar is 10 mm.
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  Bedding plane of Old Red Sandstone with quartz and chert pebbles; central England; scale bar is 10 mm.
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  Alluvial fan above Lake Louise, British Columbia, Canada.
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  Glacial moraines above Lake Louise, British Columbia, Canada.
• 
  Outcrop of Ordovician oil shale (kukersite), northern Estonia.
• 
  Cretaceous laterite exposed in Makhtesh Gadol, Israel.
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  Salt crystal cast in the Carmel Formation (Middle Jurassic), southwestern Utah.
• 
  Halite crystal mold in the Paadla Formation (Silurian), Saaremaa, Estonia.
• 
  Cobble encrusted with halite from the western shore of the Dead Sea, Israel.
• 
  Bedded halite at Mount Sodom, Israel.
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  Pebbles cemented with halite on the western shore of the Dead Sea, Israel.
• 
  Mount Sodom, Israel, showing the so-called "Lot's Wife" pillar.
• 
  Ripplemarks in a siltstone (Carmel Formation, Middle Jurassic, near Gunlock, Utah).
• 
  Banded Iron Formation specimen from Upper Michigan.
• 
  Oxford Clay (Jurassic) exposed near Weymouth, England.
• 
  Talus cones on north shore of Isfjorden, Svalbard, Norway.
• 
  Cross-bedding and scour in the Logan Formation (Lower Carboniferous) of Jackson County, Ohio.
• 
  Logan Formation (Lower Carboniferous) in Wooster, Ohio.
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  Sediments deposited in Lake Manix (Pleistocene) near Barstow, California.
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  New Oxford Conglomerate (Triassic) of York County, Pennsylvania.
• 
  Devil's Golf Course, Death Valley, California.
• 
  Alluvial fan in Death Valley, California, seen from source area of Black Mountains at Dante's View.
• 
  Soft sediment deformation in Dead Sea sediments, Israel. Possibly a seismite.
• 
  A teepee structure in modern halite deposits along the western shore of the Dead Sea, Israel.
• 
  Beach pebbles made of halite; western Dead Sea coast, Israel.
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  Salt cave in Mt. Sodom, Israel.
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  Erosional gully in Dead Sea sediments; southwestern shore of the Dead Sea, Israel; this gully was excavated by floods in less than a year.
• 
  Fossiliferous concretion from the Meadville Shale Member of the Cuyahoga Formation (Lower Carboniferous) exposed near Wooster, Ohio.
• 
  Fossiliferous siderite concretion from the Lower Carboniferous.
• 
  Sand from the beach at Scala dei Turchi, Sicily.
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  Ghareb Formation (an Upper Cretaceous oil shale) in Wadi Hawarim, southern Israel.
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  Faringdon Sponge Gravel, SE of Faringdon, Oxfordshire.
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  Coralline Crag Formation exposed in Suffolk, England.
• 
  Gypsum flower in calcitic geode from the Bull Fork Formation (Upper Ordovician), southeastern Indiana.
• 
  Moqui marbles in place in the Navajo Sandstone, Snow Canyon State Park, SW Utah.
• 
  Berea Sandstone (Upper Devonian) exposed at headwaters of the Sandusky River, Crawford County, Ohio.

Igneous & Metamorphic Rocks edit

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  City of Rocks National Reserve, Idaho, view.
• 
  View within City of Rocks National Reserve, Idaho.
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  Morning Glory Spire, City of Rocks National Reserve, Idaho.
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  Diabase forming Devil's Den, Gettysburg Battlefield.
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  Boulder of gneiss breccia on Osmussaar, Estonia, apparently thrown there by the Neugrund impact.
• 
  Close-up of granite in Chennai, India.
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  Obsidian talus, Obsidian Dome, California.
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  Holocene volcano near Veyo, Utah.
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  Amboy Crater, Mojave Desert, California.
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  Interior of Amboy Crater, Mojave Desert, California.
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  Interior of Amboy Crater, San Bernardino County, California.
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  Cinders from a Pleistocene cinder cone, San Bernardino Valley, southeastern Arizona.
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  18.5 million-year-old tuff exposed at Hole In The Wall, Mojave National Preserve, California.
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  Spherulites in rhyolitic ash, Hailstone Trail, Echo Canyon, Chiricahua Mountains, Arizona.
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  Hoodoos of rhyolite in Chiricahua National Monument, southeastern Arizona.
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  Gabbroic xenolith in a granite; eastern Sierra Nevada, Rock Creek Canyon, California.
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  Gabbro as a xenolith in a granite, eastern Sierra Nevada, Rock Creek Canyon, California.
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  Potassium feldspar crystals in a granite, eastern Sierra Nevada, Rock Creek Canyon, California.
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  Pegmatitic granite, Rock Creek Canyon, eastern Sierra Nevada, California.
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  Gabbro specimen; Rock Creek Canyon, eastern Sierra Nevada, California.
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  Close-up of gabbro specimen; Rock Creek Canyon, eastern Sierra Nevada, California.
• 
  Mississippian marble in Big Cottonwood Canyon, Wasatch Mountains, Utah.
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  Jurassic metaconglomerate at Los Peñasquitos Canyon Preserve, San Diego County, California.
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  Volcanic bomb found in the Cinder Cones region of the Mojave National Preserve by Rob McConnell.
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  Ash from the 1980 eruption of Mt. St. Helens, Washington.
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  Ash from the April 2013 eruption of Mount Etna.
• 
  Swan Peak Quartzite (Ordovician) exposed just north of Tony Grove Lake, Cache County, Utah.
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  Fiamme in the Resting Spring Tuff near Shoshone, California.
• 
  Nordmarkite stock (Triassic) in the Gevanim Valley, Makhtesh Ramon, southern Israel.

Stratigraphy, Structure & Geomorphology edit

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  Joints in the Almo Pluton, City of Rocks National Reserve, Idaho.
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  Cummingsville Formation (Upper Ordovician) exposed in Decorah, Iowa. The Cummingsville is the brown upper unit; the Decorah Formation is below.
• 
  Decorah Formation (Upper Ordovician) exposed in Decorah, Iowa. The Decorah is gray; above it is the brown Cummingsville Formation.
• 
  Glacial pothole in basalt on the St. Croix River at Interstate State Park, Wisconsin.
• 
  Waynesville Formation (Upper Ordovician) exposed near St. Leon, Indiana.
• 
  Rainbow Basin Syncline near Barstow, California.
• 
  Barstow Formation (Miocene) in Owl Canyon near Barstow, California.
• 
  Syncline in the lower parking lot of Calico Ghost Town near Barstow, California.
• 
  Anticline in the Barstow Formation (Miocene) at Calico Ghost Town near Barstow, California.
• 
  Fossil Mountain, Utah; Ordovician shales and limestones.
• 
  Natural arch in Timna Valley, Negev Desert, Israel.
• 
  Timna Valley, Negev Desert, Israel.
• 
  Ramon Fault on the southern side of Makhtesh Ramon, Israel.
• 
  Northern coast of Saaremaa, Estonia.
• 
  Raised beach on the northern coast of Saaremaa, Estonia.
• 
  Wave-cut platforms from Lake Bonneville preserved on Antelope Island, Great Salt Lake, Utah.
• 
  U-shaped valley carved by a glacier; Little Cottonwood Creek Valley, Wasatch Mountains, Utah.
• 
  Natural Bridge at Bryce Canyon National Park. Actually an arch.
• 
  Carmel Formation (Middle Jurassic) near Gunlock, southwestern Utah. The dark unit at the top is the equivalent of the Cretaceous Dakota conglomerate.
• 
  Carmel Formation (Middle Jurassic) exposed at Gunlock Reservoir, southwestern Utah.
• 
  Late Cretaceous cold seep deposit in the Pierre Shale, southwest South Dakota.
• 
  Eemian erosion surface in a fossil coral reef on Great Inagua, The Bahamas. Foreground shows corals truncated by erosion; behind the geologist is a post-erosion coral pillar which grew on the surface after sea level rose again.
• 
  Disconformity with the Lower Cretaceous Edwards Formation overlying a Lower Permian limestone; hiatus is about 165 million years; Texas.
• 
  Walcott Quarry of the Burgess Shale (Middle Cambrian, British Columbia).
• 
  Ventifact from the Mojave Desert near Barstow, California.
• 
  Soft sediment deformation in Dead Sea sediments, Israel. Possibly a seismite.
• 
  A teepee structure in modern halite deposits along the western shore of the Dead Sea, Israel.
• 
  Geopetal structure in bivalve boring in coral; bivalve shell visible; Matmor Formation (Middle Jurassic), southern Israel.
• 
  Whitewater Formation (Upper Ordovician) exposed in a roadcut near Richmond, Indiana.
• 
  Liberty Formation (Upper Ordovician) exposed north of Brookville, Indiana.
• 
  Grant Lake Formation (Upper Ordovician); Idlewild Bypass (KY-8) in Boone County, Kentucky.
• 
  Meadville Shale Member of the Cuyahoga Formation (Lower Carboniferous) exposed in Lodi, Ohio.
• 
  Cross-beds in the Grimsby Formation (Silurian) exposed in Niagara Gorge, New York.

Miscellaneous Geology edit

• 
  Trona Pinnacles, California.
• 
  Distorted limestones from the Alamo impact (Late Devonian, Frasnian) in the Irish Range, Nevada.
• 
  Landscape showing Alamo impact breccia (Late Devonian, Frasnian) near Hancock Summit, Pahranagat Range, Nevada.
• 
  Close-up of Alamo impact breccia (Late Devonian, Frasnian) near Hancock Summit, Pahranagat Range, Nevada.
• 
  Alamo impact breccia (Late Devonian, Frasnian) near Hancock Summit, Pahranagat Range, Nevada.
• 
  Alamo impact breccia (Late Devonian, Frasnian) near Hancock Summit, Pahranagat Range, Nevada.
• 
  Top of the Alamo impact breccia (Late Devonian, Frasnian) near Hancock Summit, Pahranagat Range, Nevada.
• 
  Calcitic spherulites from the Alamo bolide impact deposits in the Irish Range, Nevada.
• 
  Sand crystal.
• 
  Cannel coal from the Pennsylvanian of NE Ohio.
• 
  Seismites in the Upper Ordovician of northern Kentucky.
• 
  Seismite in the Upper Ordovician of northern Kentucky (closer view).
• 
  Tilted dolomites resulting from the impact which produced Kaali Crater, Saaremaa, Estonia.

Geology of Israel edit

• 
  Ora Formation (Cretaceous) at Gerofit Junction, southern Israel.
• 
  The larger Arif makhtesh; Negev, southern Israel.
• 
  Har 'Arif viewed from the east through the axis of the large Arif makhtesh.
• 
  Ghareb Formation (an Upper Cretaceous oil shale) in Wadi Hawarim, southern Israel.
• 
  Matmor Formation (Jurassic, Callovian) exposed in Makhtesh Gadol, southern Israel. Southern wall of the makhtesh in the background.
• 
  Jurassic sediments in Makhtesh Gadol, Negev Desert, Israel.
• 
  Upper Matmor Formation (Callovian) in Makhtesh Gadol, southern Israel.
• 
  Center of Makhtesh Gadol, Negev, Israel.‎
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  ‎Center of Makhtesh Gadol, Negev, Israel.
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  ‎Center of Makhtesh Gadol, Negev, Israel.
• 
  Matmor Formation (Jurassic, Callovian) in Makhtesh Gadol, Israel.
• 
  Mist flowing into Makhtesh Gadol, Negev, Israel.
• 
  Road on northern side of Maktesh Gadol originally built by the British during oil exploration.
• 
  Wadi in Makhtesh Ramon.
• 
  Chalcolithic mine in Timna Valley, Negev Desert, Israel.
• 
  Arch in Timna Park, Negev Desert, Israel.
• 
  Timna Valley, Negev Desert, Israel.
• 
  Honeycomb weathering in a Cambrian sandstone, Timna Valley, Negev Desert, Israel.
• 
  Wadi in Nahal Paran, Negev, Israel.‎
• 
  Rocky exposures, Nahal Paran, Negev, Israel.
• 
  Makhtesh Ramon, Negev Desert, Israel.
• 
  Ammonite Wall in Makhtesh Ramon (Tamar Formation, Cenomanian).
• 
  Ramon Monocline on the southern side of Makhtesh Ramon, Negev, Israel.
• 
  Ramon Fault on the southern side of Makhtesh Ramon, Israel.
• 
  Makhtesh Ramon, Negev, Israel.
• 
  Rainbow Cave arch in the Galilee, Israel.
• 
  Thalassinoides trace fossils, Jurassic, Makhtesh Qatan, Israel.
• 
  Mount Sodom, Israel, showing the so-called "Lot's Wife" pillar.‎
• 
  Bedded halite at Mount Sodom, Israel.
• 
  Pebbles cemented with halite on the western shore of the Dead Sea, Israel.
• 
  Halite deposits (and teepee structure) along the western Dead Sea coast, Israel.
• 
  Salt cave in Mt. Sodom, Israel.
• 
  Phosphorite mine near Oron, Negev, Israel.
• 
  Copper ore (chrysocolla) in Cambrian sandstone in the Timna Valley, southern Israel.
• 
  Nordmarkite stock (Triassic) in the Gevanim Valley, Makhtesh Ramon, southern Israel.
• 
  Menuha Formation at Wadi Zihor, Negev, southern Israel. Boundary of M-2 and M-3.
• 
  Seismite in sediments of the Dead Sea basin, Israel.

Jerusalem Images edit

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  Walls of the old city of Jerusalem as the sun sets.
• 
  Zion Gate, Jerusalem, Israel; note bullet scars.
• 
  Golden Gate, Jerusalem, Israel.
• 
  Robinson's Arch, Jerusalem, Israel.
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  Southern steps of the Temple Mount, Jerusalem.
• 
  Stones from the Western Wall of the Temple Mount (Jerusalem) thrown onto the street by Roman soldiers on the Ninth of Av, 70 C.E.
• 
  Al-Aqsa Mosque, Jerusalem, Israel.
• 
  Washing station on the Temple Mount, Jerusalem, Israel.
• 
  South-west qanatir, Temple Mount, Jerusalem, Israel.
• 
  Al-Aqsa Mosque viewed from the Western Wall Plaza.
• 
  Dome of the Rock from Mount Scopus.
• 
  Hezekiah's Tunnel, Jerusalem, Israel.
• 
  Mount of Olives viewed from the Old City showing the Jewish cemetery (2003).
• 
  Mount of Olives viewed from the Old City showing the Jewish cemetery (2009).
• 
  Kidron Valley viewed from the Old City of Jerusalem.
• 
  Hagia Maria Sion Abbey from the Jerusalem city walls.
• 
  Kikar Tzahal (IDF Square), Jerusalem.
• 
  Yad Kennedy, Jerusalem Forest.
• 
  Yad Kennedy plaque.
• 
  Natural stone in the Chapel of Adam, Church of the Holy Sepulchre, Jerusalem.
• 
  "Immovable ladder" on the facade of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, Jerusalem.
• 
  Monument to the December 9, 1917, surrender of Jerusalem to the 60th London Division.

Other Israel Images edit

• 
  Tel Maresha, central Israel.
• 
  Cave under Tel Azeka.
• 
  Tel Azeka, Israel.
• 
  Valley of Elah viewed from the top of Tel Azeka.
• 
  View of Tel Azeka from Khirbet Qeiyafa, Israel. Top wall is later; lower walls from Iron Age site. Note plastered room interior wall.
• 
  Majdal Shams, Golan Heights.
• 
  Jacob's Ford Battlefield (1179) viewed from the Ateret Fortress main gateway to the east across the Jordan River.
• 
  Northeast corner of the Ateret Fortress at the Jacob's Ford Battlefield, Israel.
• 
  Bnot Ya'akov Bridge over the Jordan River from the south near Jacob's Ford, Israel.
• 
  Old road from Rosh Pina to Safed, the Galilee, Israel.
• 
  Masada, Israel.
• 
  Roman legionary (X Fretensis) castrum at Masada, Israel.
• 
  Megiddo archaeological site, Israel.
• 
  Line painted in 1900 (at top of image) by Robert A.S. Macalister of the Palestine Exploration Fund showing the level of the Dead Sea.
• 
  Mount Sodom, Israel, showing the so-called "Lot's Wife" pillar.
• 
  Fringing coral reef near Eilat, Israel.
• 
  Remains of living quarters at Qumran.
• 
  Remains of a Byzantine church at Nizana, Israel.
• 
  Nizana, Israel, viewed from the south.
• 
  St. Nilus Church, Mamshit archaeological site, Israel.
• 
  Detail in mosaic floor, Church of St. Nilus, Mamshit archaeological site, Israel.
• 
  The Guardhouse (left) and Wealthy House (right) in Mamshit, Israel.
• 
  "Way of Peace" constructed between 1996 and 2000 between Israel and Egypt.
• 
  German-Turkish hospital (1906-1917) built on ruins of Byzantine fort at Nizana. Note battle damage.
• 
  Shivta arachaeological site, Negev Desert, Israel.
• 
  Makhtesh Gadol in the Negev Desert, Israel.
• 
  Route 225 descending into Makhtesh Gadol, Israel.
• 
  Avdat archaeological site, Negev, Israel.
• 
  Avdat archaeological site, Negev, Israel.
• 
  Egypt-Israel border, looking north from the Eilat Mountains.
• 
  Mitzpe Ramon from the Ramon Inn looking towards Makhtesh Ramon.
• 
  Replica of 770 Eastern Parkway in Mitzpe Ramon, Israel.
• 
  Dromedaries in the Negev.
• 
  Petroglyph of a camel; Negev, southern Israel.
• 
  Main gate, Lachish archaeological site.
• 
  Commander's palace, Lachish archaeological site.
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  Siege ramp, Lachish archaeological site.
• 
  Ar'arat an-Naqab, South District, Israel.
• 
  Nabatean cistern north of Makhtesh Ramon, southern Israel.
• 
  Newe Daniel, a West Bank settlement.
• 
  St. Stephen church interior.

Sinai, Egypt edit

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  St. Catherine's monastery near Mount Sinai, Egypt.
• 
  Climbing the trail to the summit of Mount Sinai, Egypt.
• 
  View from Mount Sinai, Egypt.
• 
  Chapel at the summit of Mount Sinai, Egypt.
• 
  Sand dune on the Sinai Peninsula.
• 
  St. Catherine's monastery viewed from Mount Sinai, Egypt.
• 
  Egypt-Israel border, looking north from the Eilat Mountains.

Argentina edit

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  Church in Santa Rosa, Argentina.
• 
  Municipal Building, Santa Rosa, Argentina.
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  Gauchito Gil shrine, Argentina.
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  Closer view of Gauchito Gil shrine, Argentina.
• 
  Loess deposits in northern Patagonia, Argentina.

United Kingdom edit

• 
  St. Lawrence church, Gumfreston, Pembrokeshire.
• 
  Interior view of Temple Church, Bristol.
• 
  Outline of Templar circular church within Temple Church ruins, Bristol.
• 
  Front building detail of Bristol City Museum and Art Gallery.
• 
  Sherborne Castle, Dorset, England.
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  Cerne Abbey in Cerne Abbas, Dorset, England.
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  Cerne Abbey Guesthouse.
• 
  Baptismal font of Dundry stone in Church of St. Margaret, Hinton Blewett, Somerset, England.
• 
  Mouth of the River Bride at Burton Bradstock, Dorset, England.
• 
  Rotunda Museum in Scarborough, North Yorkshire, England.
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  Whitby Abbey, North Yorkshire.
• 
  St. Hilda monument detail in Whitby. Note ammonites at feet.
• 
  The Brigg at Filey Brigg, North Yorkshire, England.
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  Filey, North Yorkshire, from Filey Brigg.
• 
  Speeton Clay (Lower Cretaceous) at Reighton Sands, North Yorkshire.
• 
  WWII pillbox on eroding Boulder Clay, Filey Bay, North Yorkshire.
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  River Ouse in York from Skeldergate Bridge.
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  Southwestern portion of York Minster.
• 
  Erosion of the Boulder Clay (Pleistocene) along cliffs of Filey Bay, Yorkshire, England.
• 
  The Grand Hotel in Scarborough, North Yorkshire, England.
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  Ewenny Priory interior, south Wales.
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  Ewenny Priory exterior, south Wales.
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  Mouth of the River Ogmore, south Wales.
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  Carboniferous/Jurassic unconformity surface at Tedbury Camp, near Great Elm, Somerset.
• 
  Carboniferous Limestone exposed at Tedbury Camp, Somerset.
• 
  Carboniferous Limestone exposed at Ogmore-By-Sea, Wales. Carboniferous/Jurassic unconformity.
• 
  Nash Point, Monknash Coast, Vale of Glamorgan, south Wales.
• 
  Lower Lias rocks exposed at Lavernock Point, south Wales.
• 
  Pyramidal tomb of the stonemason John Bryan in Painswick, Gloucestershire.
• 
  Devil's Chimney, Leckhampton Hill, Gloucestershire.
• 
  Inferior Oolite (Jurassic) at Leckhampton Hill, Gloucestershire.
• 
  Inferior Oolite (Doulting Stone) at Doulting Stone Quarry, England.
• 
  Talley Abbey (Ceredigion, Wales, UK).
• 
  Standing Stones of Stenness, a neolithic stone circle on Orkney Mainland.
• 
  Dunnet Head view, Scotland. Rocks are the Old Red Sandstone.
• 
  Armeria maritima (Thrift) at Dunnet Head, Scotland.
• 
  Dunnet Head Lighthouse, northern Scotland.
• 
  Merchants Street, Scarborough, England. Scarborough Castle on skyline.
• 
  Filey, North Yorkshire. View of seaside from the south.
• 
  Westland Road in the Bogside, viewed from the city wall (July 31, 2007).
• 
  H-Block Monument in the Free Derry area of the Bogside, Derry; in memory of the hunger strikers in the H-Block of Long Kesh prison in 1981.
• 
  The Red Lion Pub in St. Columb Major, Cornwall, England.
• 
  The oldest remaining Glebe house, St. Columb Major, Cornwall, England.
• 
  St Columb Church, Cornwall, England.
• 
  Portland's cliffs and quarries, England.
• 
  Portland stone quarry, Isle of Portland.
• 
  Chesil Beach viewed from the Isle of Portland.
• 
  Renault FT 17 tank in Bovington Tank Museum.
• 
  The remains of a granary at a Roman fort on Hadrian's Wall near Housesteads, England.
• 
  Castle an Dinas as viewed from St. Columb Major, Cornwall, England.
• 
  St. Columb Major, Cornwall, England, as viewed from Castle an Dinas.
• 
  Statue of Euclid in the Oxford University Museum of Natural History.
• 
  George III statue in Weymouth, England.
• 
  Plague plaque in Weymouth, England.
• 
  Moot Hall, Aldeburgh, Suffolk, England.
• 
  Sundial on Moot Hall, Aldeburgh, Suffolk, England.
• 
  Coastline at Aldeburgh, Suffolk, England.
• 
  World War I memorial in Leeds, England.
• 
  Malton Oolite (Upper Jurassic) at Ravenswick Quarry, Yorkshire.
• 
  Palaeontological Association field trip to Spaunton Quarry, Yorkshire (December 2014). The main rock unit is the Coralline Oolite Formation (Upper Jurassic).

Ireland edit

• 
  Statue of Aodh Ruadh Ó Domhnaill in Donegal Town, County Donegal, Ireland.
• 
  Donegal Abbey in Donegal Town, County Donegal, Ireland.
• 
  St. Patrick's Well at Grianan Ailligh, County Donegal, Ireland.
• 
  Grianan Ailligh wall stones.
• 
  Eastern end of Slieve League, County Donegal, Ireland.
• 
  Glengesh Pass looking NE into Ardara, County Donegal, Ireland.
• 
  Statue of Molly Malone on Grafton Street, Dublin, Ireland.

Hungary edit

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  Images of victims on the outside of the House of Terror Museum, Budapest.

Slovakia edit

• 
  Fiľakovo viewed from the castle.
• 
  Fiľakovo castle, Slovakia.
• 
  Beckov Castle, Slovakia, from below.
• 
  Iron Curtain memorial at Devin, Slovakia.

Estonia edit

• 
  Soviet atomic statue (1987) in Sillamäe, Estonia.
• 
  Raised beach on the northern coast of Saaremaa, Estonia.
• 
  Northern coast of Saaremaa, Estonia.
• 
  Shoreline at Mustvee, Estonia. July 25, 2007.
• 
  Harbor at Mustvee, Estonia. July 25, 2007.
• 
  Floating dock at Osmussaar, Estonia.
• 
  Boulder of gneiss breccia on Osmussaar, Estonia, apparently thrown there by the Neugrund impact.
• 
  Muhu Stronghold, site of the native Estonian surrender to crusaders in 1227.
• 
  Monument in the center of the Muhu Stronghold.
• 
  Tilted dolomites resulting from the impact which produced Kaali Crater, Saaremaa, Estonia.
• 
  NW Sõrve Peninsula Beach, Saaremaa, Estonia; site of 1944 failed Russian amphibious landing.
• 
  Tehumardi Battle map at battlefield, Saaremaa, Estonia.
• 
  Tehumardi Battle Monument and Cemetery (Soviet); Saaremaa, Estonia.
• 
  Soviet WWII graves, Tehumardi Battle Monument, Saaremaa, Estonia. July 27, 2007.
• 
  Soviet WWII memorial, Tehumardi Battle Monument, Saaremaa, Estonia. July 27, 2007.
• 
  Kuressaare Castle, Saaremaa, Estonia. July 27, 2007.
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  Recreation of a 16th century knight supposedly immured in a wall of Kuressaare Castle, Estonia.
• 
  Northern coast of Muhu, Estonia. July 26, 2007.
• 
  Katariina Church on Muhu, Estonia. July 26, 2007.
• 
  Head of Lenin in the basement of the Museum of Occupations in Tallinn, Estonia.
• 
  Soviet prison doors on display in the Museum of Occupations, Tallinn, Estonia.
• 
  Independence War Monument in Tallinn.
• 
  Soeginina Cliff, western Saaremaa, Estonia.
• 
  Sõrve Peninsula, southwestern Saaremaa, Estonia.
• 
  Triigi Dock Station, northern Saaremaa, Estonia.
• 
  S-125 Neva/Pechora SA missile; Saare, Saaremaa, Estonia.
• 
  Kuivastu, Estonia.
• 
  View from the western side of Tagalaht Bay, Saaremaa Island, Estonia.
• 
  Geologists studying the Jaani Formation (Silurian, Wenlock) at Panga Cliff, Estonia.
• 
  Kübassaare on the southeast coast of Saaremaa, Estonia.
• 
  Heltermaa port, Hiiumaa.
• 
  Crinoid-rich limestone (Silurian, Pridoli) at Kaugatuma, Saaremaa, Estonia.
• 
  Oil shale mine near Kohtla-Järve, Estonia.
• 
  Kivioli Concentration Camp Holocaust Memorial, northeastern Estonia.

Lithuania edit

• 
  Memorial to victims of the KGB in Vilnius, Lithuania.
• 
  Neris River in Vilnius at Green Bridge.
• 
  KGB Building in Vilnius, Lithuania.

Latvia edit

• 
  Top of Freedom Monument in Riga, Latvia.
• 
  Base of Freedom Monument in Riga, Latvia.
• 
  Monument for the Latviesu Strelnieki in Riga, Latvia.
• 
  Buildings in Old Riga, Latvia.

Svalbard, Norway edit

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  Cableway to abandoned coalmine near Longyearbyen, Svalbard, Norway.
• 
  DeGeerdalen just south of Isfjorden shoreline, Svalbard, Norway.
• 
  Sediment plume from DeGeerdalen into Isfjorden, Svalbard, Norway.
• 
  Isfjorden from the south shore near DeGeerdalen, Svalbard, Norway.
• 
  Stratigraphic column on north shore of Isfjorden, Svalbard, Norway.
• 
  Talus cones on north shore of Isfjorden, Svalbard, Norway.

Russia edit

• 
  Ivangorod Fortress on the Narva River, western Russia.
• 
  Syas River in Leningrad Oblast (N59.87034°, E32.85220°).
• 
  Lubianka prison, Moscow.
• 
  Monument to the Decembrists at the execution site in St. Petersburg, Russia.
• 
  Inscription on the monument to the Decembrists at the execution site in St. Petersburg, Russia.
• 
  Bust of Nikolai Gogol in St. Petersburg.
• 
  Remnants of World War II Russian trenches in the Nevsky Pyatachok.
• 
  Solovetsky Stone in Troitskaya Square, St. Petersburg, Russia. Translation of the text: "To the Prisoners of the Gulag".
• 
  Hallway in the Twelve Collegia building, St. Petersburg State University.
• 
  Hydroelectric plant on the Volkhov River, Russia.
• 
  Eighth to Tenth Century Viking burial mounds along the Volkhov River near Staraya Ladoga, Russia.
• 
  Reputed burial mound for Oleg of Novgorod; Volkhov River near Old Ladoga.
• 
  St. George's Church in the Ladoga Fortress, Staraya Ladoga, Russia.
• 
  Russian Cruiser Aurora in St. Petersburg.
• 
  Forward gun on Cruiser Aurora that fired the signal shot to start the Bolshevik 1917 Revolution.

Finland edit

• 
  Monument to the Vart Land poem in Helsinki.
• 
  Museum ship Pommern docked at Mariehamn, Åland.
• 
  Åland flag, Mariehamn, Åland.
• 
  Glacially-plucked granitic bedrock near Mariehamn, Åland.
• 
  Skerries which are part of the Åland Islands, Finland.

Sweden edit

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  Fyris River in Uppsala (December 2007).
• 
  Uppsala Cathedral (Lutheran) in December 2007.
• 
  Tomb of John III of Sweden in Uppsala Cathedral, Sweden.
• 
  Casket of Eric IX of Sweden in Uppsala Cathedral, Sweden.
• 
  The Linnaeus summer home at Hammarby, south of Uppsala.
• 
  Doorway to the summer home bedroom of Linnaeus showing his personal motto, "Innocue vivito, numen adest", Live righteously- the deity is present.
• 
  Linnaeus wedding portrait (hanging in the Hammarby home).
• 
  Uppland Runic Inscription 613 in the Swedish State Historical Museum in Stockholm, Sweden.

Czech Republic edit

• 
  Putto with trumpet and skull, Sedlec Ossuary, Czech Republic.
• 
  Artist's signature, Sedlec Ossuary, Czech Republic.
• 
  Detail of the Schwarzenberg coat-of-arms. The skull represents that of a Turkish soldier. Sedlec Ossuary, Czech Republic.
• 
  Trosky Castle, Czech Republic.
• 
  Jewish cemetery at Terezin Concentration Camp, Czech Republic.
• 
  Bullet-scarred window of the Church of Saints Cyril and Methodius in Prague where the attackers on Heydrich were cornered.

Poland edit

• 
  Lithuanian warriors on the Grunwald Monument in Kraków, Poland.
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  Auschwitz II-Birkenau ruins in 2006.
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  Auschwitz I street, 2006.
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  Auschwitz I
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  The main gate of Auschwitz II-Birkenau in 2006.
• 
  Gallows at Auschwitz I.
• 
  Poppies (Papaver rhoeas) in a Polish field.
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  Vistula River in Kraków, Poland.
• 
  Monument to the "September Veterans" of 1939 near Kraków, Poland.
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  Mirów Castle, Poland.
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  Bobolice Castle, Poland.
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  Pustynia Błędowska ("The Polish Desert").]]

France edit

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  Exermont, Ardennes Department, France.
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  Ruined church at Montfaucon-d'Argonne. The blocky structure on the left is a German WWI observation post.
• 
  World War I Monument on Butte de Vauquois, France.
• 
  Aire River at Apremont, France.
• 
  Valley near Chatel Chéhéry, France, where Sgt. York did his heroics in WWI.
• 
  Church in the village of Cunel, France. The steeple was a German machine gun post during the Meuse-Argonne Offensive.
• 
  First Division monument on the Meuse-Argonne Battlefield, France.
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  Apremont, France, viewed from the east.
• 
  Monument to the Lost Battalion in the Argonne Forest, France.
• 
  Meuse-Argonne American Cemetery.
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  Meuse-Argonne American Cemetery Chapel.
• 
  Small German cemetery on Meuse-Argonne battlefield, France.
• 
  French World War I memorial in Cheppy, France.
• 
  Basilica of Notre-Dame de Brebières statue, Albert, France.
• 
  Lochnagar crater in 2017.
• 
  Danger Tree site and replica, Beaumont-Hamel battlefield.
• 
  Reliquary in the Church of Saint-Jean, Aubeterre-sur-Dronne.
• 
  Talmont-sur-Gironde from the south.

Germany edit

• 
  Diplodocus longus dinosaur model and columnar basalt in front of the Senckenberg Museum, Frankfurt.
• 
  Oppenheim, Germany, town square.
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  Messel Fossil Pit (Eocene, Germany)
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  Messel Oil shale outcrop (Eocene, Germany).
• 
  Splitting the Messel Oil Shale with a large knife to expose fossils.
• 
  Burg Katz on the Rhine River.
• 
  Kestert, Germany, on the Rhine River.
• 
  Hamburg city center viewed from St. Michaelis Church.

Austria edit

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  Details of U-20 conning tower in the Heeresgeschichtliches Museum, Vienna.
• 
  38 cm siege howitzer, Austria Hungary 1916, in the Heeresgeschichtliches Museum, Vienna.

The Netherlands edit

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  Geulhemmergroeve tunnels near Geulhem, The Netherlands.
• 
  Cretaceous-Paleogene clay in the Geulhemmergroeve tunnels near Geulhem, The Netherlands.
• 
  Front of Natuurhistorisch Museum Maastricht.

Italy edit

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  Mount Etna viewed from the south. The smoking peak is in the upper left, a trekker cabin in the lower right.
• 
  Southern flank of Mount Etna showing lateral cones and flow from eruption of 2001.
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  Sapienza Refuge on Mount Etna.
• 
  Norman castle at Aci Castello, Sicily, Italy.
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  Cyclopean Isles off the east coast of Sicily.
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  Aci Trezza with Mount Etna in the background; Sicily.
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  Giant mosaic at Villa Romana del Casale, Sicily.
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  Silted up south harbor, Motya, Sicily.
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  Capo di Milazzo, Sicily.
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  Milazzo Castle, Sicily.

China edit

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  Dazheng Hall at Shenyang Imperial Palace, Shenyang, China.
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  Karstic limestones in Shenyang Imperial Palace, Shenyang, China.

India edit

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  Confluence of the Bhagirathi and Alaknanda Rivers to produce the Ganges at Devprayag, India.
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  Devprayag, India.
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  Hexagram in stonework at the Qutb complex, Delhi, India.
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  The iron pillar in the Qutb complex, Delhi, India.
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  The main street of Wooster Nagar, India. The English translation is "Noble Street".
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  A fisherman in Wooster Nagar, India, demonstrates his net-throwing technique.
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  Elephant and other creatures carved from granite in Mahabalipuram, India.

The Bahamas edit

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  Lee shore beach on Long Island, The Bahamas.
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  Holocene eolianite on Long Island, The Bahamas.
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  Columbus Monument on Long Island, The Bahamas.
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  Atlantic shore of Long Island, The Bahamas.
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  Road on Long Island, The Bahamas.
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  Northern rocky shore of Great Inagua exposing Pleistocene reefal limestones.
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  Grocery store in Matthew Town, Great Inagua, The Bahamas.
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  Old prison in Matthew Town, Great Inagua, The Bahamas.
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  Window in old prison in Matthew Town, Great Inagua, The Bahamas.
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  Eemian erosion surface in a fossil coral reef on Great Inagua, The Bahamas. Foreground shows corals truncated by erosion; behind the geologist is a post-erosion coral pillar which grew on the surface after sea level rose again.

North American West edit

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  Snow Canyon, Utah, in March 2019.
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  View within City of Rocks National Reserve, Idaho.
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  City of Rocks National Reserve view.
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  Morning Glory Spire, City of Rocks National Reserve, Idaho.
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  Emigrant inscriptions in axle grease on Camp Rock, City of Rocks National Reserve, Idaho.
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  Marker stone on the Little Bighorn Battlefield, Montana.
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  Marker stone on the Little Bighorn Battlefield, Montana.
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  Salt Lake Temple, eastern side, at dusk with crescent moon.
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  St. George Utah Temple.
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  Rainbow Basin Syncline near Barstow, California.
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  Barstow Formation (Miocene) in Owl Canyon near Barstow, California.
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  Syncline in the lower parking lot of Calico Ghost Town near Barstow, California.
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  Anticline in the Barstow Formation (Miocene) at Calico Ghost Town near Barstow, California.
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  Fossil Mountain, Utah; Ordovician shales and limestones.
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  Fossil Mountain, Utah, with Kanosh Formation (Middle Ordovician) labeled.
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  Desert Studies Center at Zzyzx, California.
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  Main building of the Desert Studies Center at Zzyzx, California.
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  Remains of Springer's spa at Zzyzx, California.
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  Lake Tuendae on the grounds of the Desert Studies Center at Zzyzx, California.
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  Graves in Boothill Cemetery, Tombstone, Arizona.
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  Hoodoos of rhyolite in Chiricahua National Monument, southeastern Arizona.
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  Apache Pass, Arizona, as viewed from Fort Bowie facing north.
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  Fort Bowie site near Apache Pass, Arizona.
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  Dragoon Mountains, Arizona, viewed from the south.
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  Blue dot represents where US Army Lieutenant George N. Bascom met Apache leader Cochise on February 5, 1861, in Apache Pass, Arizona.
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  Cochise Stronghold, Dragoon Mountains, southeastern Arizona.
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  Sonoran Desert outside Wickenburg, Arizona.
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  Walcott Quarry of the Burgess Shale (Middle Cambrian, British Columbia).
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  Bark beetle damage to pine trees south of Field, British Columbia, Canada.
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  Mount Stephen as seen from Field, British Columbia, Canada.
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  Mount Field with Mount Wapta in the background; near Field, British Columbia, Canada.
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  Los Peñasquitos Canyon Preserve, San Diego County, California.
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  Calico Ghost Town near Barstow, California.
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  Mojave River in Afton Canyon, California (March 2010).
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  Mouth of Logan Canyon as viewed from the east side of Logan, Utah.
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  Bear River Massacre site near Preston, Idaho.
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  Shoshone prayer tree at Bear River Massacre site near Preston, Idaho.
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  Red Rock Pass, Idaho.
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  Telescope Peak viewed from Devil's Golfcourse, Death Valley, California.
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  Devil's Golf Course, Death Valley, California.
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  Shoreline Butte in southern Death Valley, California. Strandlines of ancient Lake Manly are visible.
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  Manly Beacon at Zabriskie Point, Death Valley, California.
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  Granite Mountains, Mojave Desert, California.
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  Lenticular clouds over Soda Lake, Mojave Desert, California.
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  Salt Spring Hills, San Bernardino County, California.
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  Soda Lake, San Bernardino County, California. Zzyzx and the Desert Studies Center in the foreground.
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  Mojave River cutting through Lake Manix sediments, San Bernardino County, California.
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  Silver Lake, north of Baker, California, after a flood in March 2005.
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  Red Rock Canyon National Conservation Area, southern Nevada.
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  Montpelier, Idaho, downtown view.
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  St. George Regional Airport (Utah).
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  Off-road vehicle damage in SW Utah.

Animals edit

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  Mating Small Milkweed Bugs (Lygaeus kalmii) in Lockport, New York. Sometimes confused with Boxelders.
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  Bagworm larva in the Negev (April 2014). Case is made mostly of feathery Stork’s Bill seeds (Erodium cicutarium).
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  American Lady Butterfly caterpillar in Wooster, Ohio (July 2015).
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  Morpho peleides recently emerged; Florida Museum of Natural History, Butterfly Rainforest.
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  Oral surface of Strongylocentrotus purpuratus showing teeth of Aristotle's Lantern, spines and tube feet.
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  Barnacles in the intertidal near Newquay, Cornwall, England.
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  Mussels and barnacles in the intertidal near Newquay, Cornwall, England.
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  Limpets in the intertidal near Newquay, Cornwall, England.
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  Sphincterochila boissieri, a terrestrial snail native to the Negev. Diameter is 2.1 centimeters.
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  Sphincterochila boissieri collection below a limestone wall, Hamakhtesh Hagadol, Negev, Israel.
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  Robust Crab Spider: Xysticus robustus (Hahn, 1832) in Hilliste Quarry, Hiiumaa, Estonia.
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  Desert Tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) in Rainbow Basin near Barstow, California.
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  Desert Iguana near Amboy Crater, Mojave Desert, California.
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  Greater Roadrunner at Death Valley National Park.
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  Pecten sp. with serpulid worm encrusters; Duck Harbor Beach on Cape Cod Bay, Wellfleet, Massachusetts.
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  Modern Tubipora specimen (Alcyonaria).
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  Modern Tubipora specimen (Alcyonaria).
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  Virginia Opossum (Didelphis virginiana) in a juniper tree in northeastern Ohio.
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  Thamnophis sirtalis sirtalis (Eastern Garter Snake) in Spangler Park, Wooster, Ohio.
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  Marmota caligata near Helen Lake, Banff National Park, Canada.
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  Skeleton of Myotis lucifugus found in Wooster, Ohio, USA.
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  Skeleton of Myotis lucifugus found in Wooster, Ohio, USA.
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  Scapulae, spine and ribs of Myotis lucifugus from Wooster, Ohio, USA.
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  Ribcage of Myotis lucifugus from Wooster, Ohio, USA.
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  Cysteodemus armatus near Amboy Crater, Mojave Desert, California.
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  Zygaena sp. (Six-Spot Burnet Moth) on Hiiumaa, Estonia.
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  Bufo americanus americanus (Eastern American Toad) in Wooster, Ohio.
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  Tetracis cachexiata, Slant-Line Moth near Wilmot, Ohio.
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  Velella velella on the southern coast of Sicily.
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  Road-killed deer just south of Richmond, Indiana.

Plants edit

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  Dimorphocarpa wislizeni (Spectacle Pod) in Warner Valley, Utah, March 2019.
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  Lotus corniculatus flowers in southeastern Minnesota (late July 2016).
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  Phlox divaricata; Wooster Memorial Park, Wooster, Ohio; April 2016.
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  Trillium grandiflorum in Wooster Memorial Park, Wayne County, Ohio.
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  Cichorium intybus along SR 93, Lockport, New York.
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  Sarracenia purpurea pitchers at Brown's Lake Bog, Ohio.
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  Drosera rotundifolia (Round-leaved Sundew) at Brown's Lake Bog, Ohio.
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  Sphagnum with Northern Pitcher Plants at Brown's Lake Bog, Ohio.
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  Glory of the Snow (Chionodoxa) in an Ohio garden in March.
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  Echium judaeum near Har Arif, Negev, southern Israel, in spring 2014.
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  Erodium cicutarium from Har Arif, Negev, southern Israel.
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  Ceratonia siliqua at the Shivta archaeological site, southern Israel.
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  Acacia tree in Makhtesh Gadol.‎
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  Acacia seeds in Makhtesh Gadol.
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  Moraea sisyrinchium, an iris from Makhtesh Gadol, Negev, Israel.
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  Broomrape (Cistanche tubulosa), Hamakhtesh Hagadol, Negev, southern Israel.
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  Acacia tree in Makhtesh Gadol.
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  Araucaria bidwillii (Bunya); Santa Rosa, Argentina.
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  Campanula persicifolia near Tehumardi, Saaremaa, Estonia.
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  Poppies (Papaver rhoeas) in a Polish field.
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  Bristlecone Pine, White Mountains, California.
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  Male cones of a Whitebark Pine Pinus albicaulis, Rock Creek Canyon, eastern Sierra Nevada, California.
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  Juniperus occidentalis var. australis, eastern Sierra Nevada, Rock Creek Canyon, California.
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  Juniperus occidentalis var. australis, eastern Sierra Nevada, Rock Creek Canyon, California.
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  Juniperus occidentalis var. australis, eastern Sierra Nevada, Rock Creek Canyon, California.
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  Echinopsis eyriesii visited by a European honeybee; Kfar Blum Kibbutz garden, Israel.
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  Phoradendron californicum (Desert Mistletoe), Granite Mountains, Mojave Desert, California.
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  Crambe maritima (sea kale) flowers; Saaremaa, Estonia.
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  Sedum acre; Saaremaa, Estonia.
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  Thorny caper (Capparis spinosa) in Nahal Neqarot, southern Israel.

Aircraft and related edit

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  Bf-110 G-4 cockpit; RAF Museum London.
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  Fairey Battle cockpit; RAF Museum London.
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  Grand Slam bomb; RAF Museum London.
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  Arado Ar 234 B-2 nose at the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center.
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  RATO (left) on starboard wing of Arado Ar 234 B-2 at the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center.
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  Enola Gay nose, port side, at the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center.
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  BOLT-117 in Hill Air Force Base Museum.
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  AIM-7 Sparrow at Hill Air Force Base Museum.
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  AIM-4 Falcon at Hill Air Force Base Museum.
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  DH 8 Mosquito nose; American markings; National Museum of the United States Air Force.
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  JU-88D at the National Museum of the United States Air Force.
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  WB-47E Stratojet, Hill Aerospace Museum.
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  F-5E Tiger II with B83 nuclear bomb; Hill Aerospace Museum.
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  Northrop SM-62 Snark, Hill Aerospace Museum.
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  B-17G nose; National Museum of the United States Air Force.
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  Turret assembly of B-24D Liberator bomber, Hill Aerospace Museum.
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  B-24D tail guns at the National Museum of the United States Air Force.
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  Tail armament, B-29 Superfortress, Hill Aerospace Museum.
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  Tail armament of a B-52G, Hill Aerospace Museum.
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  Front view of LIM 6bis Fresco in Polish service; MAPS Air Museum, North Canton, Ohio.
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  Cockpit view of LIM 6bis in Polish Air Force; MAPS Air Museum, North Canton, Ohio.
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  Cockpit of F-86D; MAPS Air Museum, North Canton, Ohio.
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  Fritz X guided bomb at the National Museum of the United States Air Force.
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  Mark 41 thermonuclear bomb casing at the National Museum of the United States Air Force.
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  B61 nuclear bomb casing, MAPS Air Museum, North Canton, Ohio.
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  LGM-118A Peacekeeper MIRV at the National Museum of the United States Air Force.
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  Mark VI nuclear bomb at the National Museum of the United States Air Force.
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  Caudron G.4 WWI French twin-engine bomber in Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center.
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  Macchi C202 Folgore fighter at the Smithsonian Air & Space Museum, Washington, D.C.

Other Images edit

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  Aquatic scientist casting a plankton net in a bog.
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  Paramour Creek and the smaller Allen Run joining to form the Sandusky River in Crawford County, Ohio.
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  Refurbished front of Wayne County Courthouse, Wooster, Ohio.
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  Observation tower at Serpent Mound, Ohio.
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  Brookville Lake Dam, southeastern Indiana, viewed from the overlook to the east.
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  Delta of the Black River at the Mississippi River across from Great River Bluffs State Park, Minnesota.
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  St. Croix River Dalles at Interstate State Park, Wisconsin.
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  Lithic core (Mousterian) from Makhtesh Gadol, southern Israel.
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  Magic Lantern Slide with a wooden frame and geological topic; late 19th Century.
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  Diabase forming Devil's Den, Gettysburg Battlefield.
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  Little Round Top viewed from near Devil's Den, Gettysburg Battlefield.
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  Devil's Den viewed from Little Round Top, Gettysburg Battlefield.
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  Monument to the 20th Massachusetts Infantry on the Gettysburg battlefield; Roxbury Puddingstone.
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  Copse of trees and "high-water mark of the Confederacy" on the Gettysburg Battlefield.
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  Field of Pickett's Charge, viewed from north of The Angle, looking west; Gettysburg Battlefield.
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  Private Samuel K. Wilson (1841-1865) of the Sturgis Rifles, Illinois Volunteer Infantry (1862).
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  1839 work on North American geology by Charles Daubeny.
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  Front page of Edward Palmer's The Desert of the Exodus (1872).
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  A church ruin in El'Aujeh (present day Nitzana) in the Negev Desert as illustrated by Palmer (1872) in his The Desert of the Exodus.
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  Falls Road Railroad Bridge in Lockport, New York.
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  Erie Canal lock in Lockport, New York.
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  Buffalo Creek flowing near Elma, New York.
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  Niagara Gorge trail near the Lewiston-Queenston Bridge, Niagara County, New York.
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  Lewiston-Queenston Bridge from Niagara Gorge, Niagara County, New York.
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  Edge Hill on the Bushy Run Battlefield, Pennsylvania.
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  Barracks at Fort Ligonier, Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania.
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  Reconstructed defenses of Fort Ligonier, Pennsylvania.
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  Brice's Crossroads Battlefield, Mississippi.
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  USS Cairo at Vicksburg, Mississippi.
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  Window frost.
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  Chigger bites on human ankle skin; Alabama.
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  Copy of General Robert E. Lee's 1862 "Lost Orders" displayed at Crampton's Gap, Maryland.
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  Crampton's Gap, Maryland, looking north from the south side (Gathland State Park).
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  Luray, Virginia, and New Market Gap as viewed from the Blue Ridge.
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  "Field of Lost Shoes" on the New Market Battlefield, Virginia.
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  East Fork of the Black River flowing through Lodi, Ohio.
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  M41 Bulldog tank at Fort Meade Museum, Maryland.
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  M47 Patton tank at Fort Meade Museum, Maryland.
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  FT-17 Renault tank at Fort George G. Meade Museum, Maryland.
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  Braddock Road near Fort Necessity, Pennsylvania.
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  Reconstructed Fort Necessity, southern Pennsylvania.
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  Crawford Cup (Roman, 50-100 CE), fluorite. British Museum specimen on temporary exhibition in Leeds City Museum.
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  Brown's Lake Bog, Ohio, in late May.
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  Nikon 1 J5 camera.