English: Identifier: cityroadspavemen00juds

Title: City roads and pavements suited to cities of moderate size. Year: 1902 (1900s) Authors: Judson, William Pierson, 1849-1925 Subjects: Streets Pavements Roads Publisher: New York : The Engineering news publishing company Contributing Library: The Library of Congress Digitizing Sponsor: The Library of Congress

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Text Appearing Before Image: gles to thesewhich will be most difficult to drain, especially if thevare on a hillside ha^ing springs in the subsoil, whichmust then have sub-drainage by tile drains before an\form of surface or of pavement will be of permanentvalue or effect. There are many such streets on which rain waternow stands until it evaporates. On the ordinary streetin northern cities, the direct rainfall between fence-lines per mile, is equal to 30,000 tons or 8 milliongallons of water every year, and there are mam streetswhere this water has been left to evaporate or to soakinto the ground. SUB-DRAINS. Any such roadbed, where, from any cause, waternaturally stands and forms mud, must be thoroughlysub-drained. To put broken stone, or gravel, or anvvaluable material of any kind upon a bed of earth andashes which rain will conxert to mud,is to throw awayboth money and material. CITY ROADS AND PAVEMENTS. The sub-drains should consist of Hnes of two inchto four inch porous tile, or four inch to six inch vitri-

Text Appearing After Image: fied tile laid with open joints; one line on each sideof a level road which receives drainage from both sides,or one line only on a hill-side road, this being put

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