English: Identifier: cityroadspavemen00juds

Title: City roads and pavements suited to cities of moderate size. Year: 1902 (1900s) Authors: Judson, William Pierson, 1849-1925 Subjects: Streets Pavements Roads Publisher: New York : The Engineering news publishing company Contributing Library: The Library of Congress Digitizing Sponsor: The Library of Congress

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Text Appearing Before Image: old on the asphalt. There will be parts of two or three days during mostwinters when this difficulty will occur with both asphaltand brick, both on steep and on level streets unlesssand is strewn. Vitrified Brick.—No complaints are made of slip-ping upon grades of five per cent, but these will be moreor less slippery as soon as this slope is exceeded, with-out regard to ice. Observations show that horsesbegin to slip on brick as soon as the grade reaches sixper cent, and that for any slope over five per cent itwill be advisable to use special brick having a beveledtop affording a foot-hold in the joints, which should befilled with asphaltic cement and sharp sand. Withthis precaution vitrified brick can be used on slopes assteep as are shown on page 98. Creosoted Wood Block,—The same general condi-tions apply to these as to asphalt for the grades less 28 PAVEMENTS FOR STEEP (iRADES. than three per cent, ])rc)\iclecl sliarp sand is strewn o\erthe surtace when needed, as for asphalt.

Text Appearing After Image: For grades steeper than three per cent, the specialgrooved joint here shown in detail is filled withasphaltic cement and coarse sharp sand, and this givesas good a foot-hold as grooved brick. Block Stone.—This may be used in its ordinary formupon slopes less tlian ten per cent, but for this slopeand greater, the blocks should have chamfered topsand special joints to give better foothold. The bestmanner of construction is detailed on page 6i. Broken Stone.—The maximum grade of macadam isfixed rather by the difficulties of maintenance thanby conditions which govern the other pavements.Any grade steeper than five per cent offers increaseddifficulties from the wash of storm-water, althoughmany instances are given on pages 164-166, wherethese actual steep grades were accepted l^y tlie engi-neers who built these roads as being unavoidablefeatures whicli would ha\e been changed if possil)le. 29 CITY ROADS AND PAVEMENTS. Bititininoiis Macadam.—Aside from the generalmerits of this new co

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