English: Title: Bulletin

Identifier: bulletin3011907smit Year: 1901 (1900s) Authors: Smithsonian Institution. Bureau of American Ethnology Subjects: Ethnology Publisher: Washington : G. P. O. Contributing Library: Smithsonian Libraries Digitizing Sponsor: Smithsonian Libraries

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Text Appearing Before Image: BULL. SO] MBEWAKANTON 827 several villages extending from Sauk Rap- ids to the mouth of Wisconsin r. and up the Minnesota 35 m. According to Neill (Minn. Hist. Coll., i, 262, 1872) this split- ting into bands was due to the influence of French traders. This author asserts that the people of this division were still residing at Mille Lac at the time Le Sueur built his post near the mouth of Blue Earth r. in 1700, and that their change of location to the region of lower Min- nesota r. was due to the establishment of trading posts in that section. This would indicate a later removal to that locality than Williamson supposed. Rev. G. H. Pond, as quoted by Neill, says: "When to this we add the fact that traders taught them to. plant corn, which actu- ally took the jjlace of wild rice, nothing was wanting to bring the Mdewakantons south to the Minnesota r. Accordingly tradition tells us that this division of the Dakotas no so()ner ])ecame acquainted with traders, and the advantage of the trade, than they erected their teepees around the log hut of the white man and hunted in the direction of the Minnesota r., returning in the 'rice-gathering moon' (September) to the rice swamps nearest their friends." In Le Sueur's list of the eastern Dakota tribes the name Issati is dropped and that of Mdewakanton, un- der the form Mendeouacantons, is used, evidently for the first time. The whites came into more intimate relation with this tribe than with any other of the Dakota group, but the history—which is not of general interest except in so far as it relates to the outbreak of 1862, in which some of them took an active part— is chiefly that of the different bands and not of the tribe as a whole. After their defeat by the United States, they and the Winnebago were removed to Crow Creek res., Dakota Ter. Subsequently tlie Mdewakanton and Wahpekute were transferred to the Santee res. in Nebraska. Ultimately lands were assigned them in severalty, the reservation was abolished, and the Indians became citizens of the United States. In general- customs and l)eliefs they resem])le the other divisions of the eastern Sioux. (See Dnlvta.) The tribe joined in the followingtreaties with the United States: Prairie duChien, Wis., July 15, 1830, by which they and other eastern Sioux tribes ceded a strip 20 m. wide from the Mississippi to Des Moines r., la. Convention at St Peters, Minn., Nov. 30, 1836, with the upper Mdewakanton, agreeing on certain stipu- lations regarding the treaty of July 15, 1830. Treaty of Washington, Sept. 29, 1837, by which they ceded to the United States all their interest in lands e. of the Mis.sissippi. Treaty of Mendota, Minn., Aug. 5, 1851, by which they ceded all their lands in Iowa and Minnesota, re- taining as a reservation a tract 10 m. wide on each side of Minnesota r. Treaty of Washington, June 19, 1858, by which they sold that part of their reservation n. of Minnesota r., retaining the portion s. of the river, which they agreed to take in severalty. By act of Mar. 3, 1863, the President was authorized to set apart for them a reserve beyond the limits of any state and remove them thereto, their re- serve in Minnesota to be sold for their benefit. The new reserve was esta])lished by Executive order, July 1, 1863, on Crow cr., S. Dak. See Reservations. Lewis and Clark (1804) estimated them at 300 fighting men or 1,200 souls; Long in 1822 (Exped. St Peter's R., 380,1824) estimated the various bands as follows:

Text Appearing After Image: MDEWAKANTON Keoxa (Kiyuksa), 400; Eanbosandata (Khemnichan), 100; Kapozha, 300; Oa- noska (Ohanhanska), 200; Tetankatane (Tintaotonwe), 150; Taoapa, 300; Wea- kaote (Khemnichan), 50.- According to the Census of 1890 there were 869 Mde- wakanton and Wahpekute on Santee reservation, Nebr., and 292 at Flandreau, S. Dak. The report for 1905 mentions as not under an agent 150 at Birch Coo'ley and 779 elsewhere in Minne- sota. The recognized divisions are as follows: (1) Kiyuksa, (2) Ohanhanska, (3) Tacanhpisapa, (4) Anoginajin, (5) Tintaotonwe, and (6) Oyateshicha, be- longing to the Wakpaatonwedan divi- sion, which seems to have constituted the whole tribe in early times, and (7) Khem- nichan, (8) Kapozha, (9) Magayuteshni, (10) Mahpiyamaza, (11) Mahpiyawich-

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