File:Olivine tholeiite basalt lava flow at Gooseberry Falls - Lower Falls (Gooseberry River Basalts, North Shore Volcanic Series, Mesoproterozoic, 1097-1098 Ma; Gooseberry Falls State Park, Minnesota, USA) 1 (22510169085).jpg
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editDescriptionOlivine tholeiite basalt lava flow at Gooseberry Falls - Lower Falls (Gooseberry River Basalts, North Shore Volcanic Series, Mesoproterozoic, 1097-1098 Ma; Gooseberry Falls State Park, Minnesota, USA) 1 (22510169085).jpg |
Olivine tholeiite basalt lava flow in the Precambrian of Minnesota, USA. Along the northern shore of western Lake Superior are numerous exposures of a lava flow-dominated succession called the North Shore Volcanic Series. This is equivalent to & the same age as the Portage Lake Volcanic Series of northern Michigan's Keweenaw Peninsula (<a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/jsjgeology/albums/72157632266738191">www.flickr.com/photos/jsjgeology/albums/72157632266738191</a>). The North Shore and Portage Lake successions are ~1.1 billion years old and represent basalt lava flows, plus minor sedimentary rocks, that filled up an ancient rift valley. This old rift is the Lake Superior segment of the Mid-Continent Rift System, a tear in the ancient North American paleocontinent of Laurentia (see: <a href="https://minerals.usgs.gov/science/midcontinent-rift-minerals/images/MRS-map.png" rel="nofollow">minerals.usgs.gov/science/midcontinent-rift-minerals/imag...</a>). Tectonic rifting started along this tear, exactly like the modern-day East African Rift Valley. Laurentia's Mid-Continent Rift System started and then stopped and was subsequently filled and buried. This ancient failed rift is now exposed on either side of Lake Superior in North America's Great Lakes. The outcrop shown above is in Gooseberry Falls State Park, Minnesota. The rocks are quartz tholeiite basalts - they are part of the Gooseberry River Basalts succession. Three lava flows are exposed at this site. Notice that a crude columnar structure is present in the flow shown above - that's columnar jointing. Many basalt lava flows contract slightly after solidification as they continue cooling. Contraction results in the formation of polygonal columns - columnar jointing. Some of the best-developed examples on Earth are Devils Tower (Wyoming), Devil's Postpile (California), and Giant's Causeway (Ireland). Stratigraphy: Gooseberry River Basalts, Upper Southwest Sequence, North Shore Volcanic Series, Keweenawan Supergroup, upper Mesoproterozoic, ~1097-1098 Ma Locality: Gooseberry Falls - Lower Falls, Gooseberry Falls State Park, just inland from the Northern Shore of western Lake Superior, northeastern Minnesota, USA |
Date | |
Source | Olivine tholeiite basalt lava flow at Gooseberry Falls - Lower Falls (Gooseberry River Basalts, North Shore Volcanic Series, Mesoproterozoic, 1097-1098 Ma; Gooseberry Falls State Park, Minnesota, USA) 1 |
Author | James St. John |
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This image was originally posted to Flickr by James St. John at https://flickr.com/photos/47445767@N05/22510169085 (archive). It was reviewed on 10 October 2019 by FlickreviewR 2 and was confirmed to be licensed under the terms of the cc-by-2.0. |
10 October 2019
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current | 00:20, 10 October 2019 | 4,000 × 3,000 (9.13 MB) | Ser Amantio di Nicolao (talk | contribs) | Transferred from Flickr via #flickr2commons |
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Camera manufacturer | Canon |
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Camera model | Canon PowerShot D10 |
Exposure time | 1/125 sec (0.008) |
F-number | f/4.9 |
ISO speed rating | 80 |
Date and time of data generation | 14:06, 8 June 2015 |
Lens focal length | 18.6 mm |
Orientation | Normal |
Horizontal resolution | 180 dpi |
Vertical resolution | 180 dpi |
Software used | Adobe Photoshop Elements 13.0 (Macintosh) |
File change date and time | 01:18, 27 October 2015 |
Y and C positioning | Centered |
Exif version | 2.21 |
Date and time of digitizing | 14:06, 8 June 2015 |
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APEX shutter speed | 6.9657842861166 |
APEX aperture | 4.5855635130041 |
APEX exposure bias | −0.33333333333333 |
Maximum land aperture | 4.5855635130041 APEX (f/4.9) |
Metering mode | Pattern |
Flash | Flash did not fire, compulsory flash suppression |
Supported Flashpix version | 1 |
Color space | sRGB |
Focal plane X resolution | 16,460.905405405 |
Focal plane Y resolution | 16,483.516483516 |
Focal plane resolution unit | inches |
Sensing method | One-chip color area sensor |
File source | Digital still camera |
Custom image processing | Normal process |
Exposure mode | Manual exposure |
White balance | Auto white balance |
Digital zoom ratio | 1 |
Scene capture type | Landscape |
Lens used | 6.2-18.6 mm |
Date metadata was last modified | 19:18, 26 October 2015 |
Unique ID of original document | AB05407572E898629AC73BBBC0E51503 |