English: "This figure shows the decline in the disruption of papers (A) and patents (B) based on two normalized versions of the CD5 over time. Both normalization approaches are aimed at addressing the potential for CD5 to deflate over time due to the

tendency for more recent work to cite greater amounts of prior work. The blue lines indicate the value of CD5 normalized at the paper level (“Paper normalized”), which takes into account the number of citations made by the focal paper or patent. The orange lines indicate the value of CD5 normalized at the field and year level (“Field × year normalized”), which takes into account the mean number of citations made by the a paper or patent in the focal field and year. Even after normalizing the CD index at multiple levels, we continue to observe a decline in the disruption of both papers and patents across time suggesting that other temporal trends are unlikely to be

responsible for the decreasing disruption."