papers (A) and patents (B) across four different ranges of the CD5 index (papers and patents with CD5 values in the range [-1.0, 0.0) are not represented in the figure). Lines correspond to different levels of disruptiveness measured by the CD5 index. Despite substantial increases in the numbers of papers and patents published each year, there is little change in the number of highly disruptive papers and patents, as evidenced by the relatively flat red, green, and orange lines. This pattern helps to account for simultaneous observations of both aggregate evidence of slowing innovative activity and seemingly major breakthroughs in many fields of science and technology. The inset plots show the composition of the most disruptive papers and patents (defined as those with CD5 values > 0.25) by field over time. The observed stability in the absolute number of highly disruptive papers and patents holds despite considerable churn in the underlying fields of science and technology responsible for producing those