File:Stromatoporoid (Silurian; Latham Limestone Quarry, Ohio, USA) 1 (49741232063).jpg
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editDescriptionStromatoporoid (Silurian; Latham Limestone Quarry, Ohio, USA) 1 (49741232063).jpg |
Stromatoporoid sponge from the Silurian of Ohio, USA. Sponges are sessile, benthic, filter-feeding organisms. They are not metazoan animals, as they lack organs or tissues - they are called parazoans. Sponges are essentially colonies of cells (the cells can live independently for short periods of time). Most sponges are marine, but some occupy freshwater environments. Sponges construct organic or mineralized, multi-element skeletons. Individual pieces of a sponge skeleton are called spicules. The group first appears in the fossil record in the Neoproterozoic and extends to today, in the Holocene. Some sponges make skeletons composed of opal spicules (SiO2·nH2O - hydrous silica), while others are calcareous (calcite or aragonite) or make spicules of organic material (spongin - a tough, proteinaceous, organic compound). Seen here is a fossil stromatoporoid sponge. They occur in Paleozoic and Mesozoic sedimentary rocks (Ordovician to Cretaceous), but the Mesozoic-aged stromatoporoids may represent a separate group. Stromatoporoids have a layered, calcitic skeleton, usually with small vertical pillars between individual layers (laminations). The top living surface (if preserved) has small mounds (mamelons) with radiating canals (astrorhizae). Stromatoporoids are similar to a living group of sponges called the sclerosponges - some researchers place the stromatoporoids with the sclerosponges. Stromatoporoids were important components of some Paleozoic and Mesozoic shallow-water reefs. Classification: Animalia, Porifera, Stromatoporoidea Stratigraphy: loose piece from dolostones just below the Peebles Dolomite - apparently the Lilley Formation (?), Wenlockian, Middle Silurian Locality: deepest part of the main quarry pit (as of March 2000), Latham Limestone Quarry, west-southwest of the town of Latham, Mifflin Township, western Pike County, southern Ohio, USA (39° 05' 22.95" North latitude, 83° 17’ 02.57" West longitude) |
Date | |
Source | Stromatoporoid (Silurian; Latham Limestone Quarry, Ohio, USA) 1 |
Author | James St. John |
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This image was originally posted to Flickr by James St. John at https://flickr.com/photos/47445767@N05/49741232063. It was reviewed on 14 April 2020 by FlickreviewR 2 and was confirmed to be licensed under the terms of the cc-by-2.0. |
14 April 2020
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current | 16:51, 14 April 2020 | 3,166 × 2,771 (5.95 MB) | Poldavia (talk | contribs) | Transferred from Flickr via #flickr2commons |
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Camera manufacturer | Canon |
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Exposure time | 1/60 sec (0.016666666666667) |
F-number | f/11 |
ISO speed rating | 80 |
Date and time of data generation | 22:20, 4 April 2020 |
Lens focal length | 11.614 mm |
Width | 4,000 px |
Height | 3,000 px |
Bits per component |
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Pixel composition | RGB |
Orientation | Normal |
Number of components | 3 |
Horizontal resolution | 180 dpi |
Vertical resolution | 180 dpi |
Software used | Adobe Photoshop Elements 16.0 (Macintosh) |
File change date and time | 05:09, 6 April 2020 |
Y and C positioning | Co-sited |
Exif version | 2.21 |
Date and time of digitizing | 22:20, 4 April 2020 |
Meaning of each component |
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Image compression mode | 3 |
APEX shutter speed | 5.90625 |
APEX aperture | 6.90625 |
APEX exposure bias | −0.66666666666667 |
Maximum land aperture | 4 APEX (f/4) |
Metering mode | Pattern |
Flash | Flash fired, compulsory flash firing, red-eye reduction mode |
Supported Flashpix version | 1 |
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Focal plane resolution unit | inches |
Sensing method | One-chip color area sensor |
File source | Digital still camera |
Custom image processing | Normal process |
Exposure mode | Manual exposure |
White balance | Auto white balance |
Digital zoom ratio | 1 |
Scene capture type | Standard |
Lens used | 6.2-18.6 mm |
Date metadata was last modified | 01:09, 6 April 2020 |
Unique ID of original document | DE74390AB47D3C549845D0FDDE5755E7 |