% !TEX TS-program = XeLaTeX
\documentclass[fontsize=11pt,oneside,headings=small]{scrartcl}
\usepackage{scrpage2}
\usepackage[a4paper,left=10mm,right=10mm,bottom=10mm,top=10mm]{geometry} 
\usepackage{fontspec} 
\usepackage[english,ngerman]{babel} 
%: custom macros
\newcommand{\dfn}[2][]{\textbf{#2}\marginpar{#1}}% automatisch optional Indexeintrag?
\newcommand{\more}{\textsuperscript{+}}
\newcommand{\any}{\textsuperscript{*}}
\newcommand{\wrong}{\textsuperscript{*}}
\newcommand{\really}{\textsuperscript{?}}
\newcommand{\phon}[1]{[\textsf{#1}]}
\newcommand{\morph}[2][]{\{#2\}\textsubscript{#1}}
\newcommand{\morphem}[1]{\[\textsc{#1}\]}

%: Symbols or Names
%% change to your likings, suggestions in comments
\newcommand{\syllable}{syllable }% σ Silbe Sprechsilbe
\newcommand{\initial}{initial }% ι i Initial onset
\newcommand{\medial}{medial }% µ m Medial
\newcommand{\final}{final }% φ f Final – phi is sometimes used for prosodic foot
\newcommand{\body}{body }% β π b c core Körper – beta is sometimes used to collectively refer to onset and coda 
\newcommand{\nucleus}{nucleus }% ν n Nukleus Kern Rumpf
\newcommand{\koda}{coda }% κ c k Koda Endrand Schwanz
\newcommand{\rime}{rhyme }% ρ r Reim
\newcommand{\tonem}{tone }% τ t Ton
\newcommand{\onset}{onset }% ω ο o Onset Anfangsrand Kopf – omega is sometimes used for the prosodic word
\newcommand{\vowel}{V}% v Vokal Vokoid
\newcommand{\sonorant}{S}% s V v Sonant Sonorant
\newcommand{\consonant}{C}% c Konsonant
\newcommand{\glide}{H}% G h g semi-vowel 
\newcommand{\tone}{T}% t Ton Tonhöhe Tonverlauf
\newcommand{\leafs}[1]{\tikzset{frontier/.style={distance from root=#1}}}

%: Fonts
\fontspec{Linux Libertine}
\fontspec{Linux Biolinum}
\setmainfont{Linux Libertine}
\setsansfont[Scale=MatchLowercase]{Linux Biolinum}
%: Graphics
\usepackage{tikz}
\usepackage{tikz-qtree}% could be rewritten to use plain TikZ/PGF

\begin{document}

%: First row: initial - final
\leafs{11em}
\begin{tikzpicture}
\Tree 
[.{\syllable} 
	[.{\initial} {\consonant\any} ]
	[.{\final} {\glide\any}{\vowel\more}{\consonant\any} ]
]
\end{tikzpicture}
\begin{tikzpicture}
\Tree 
[.{\syllable} 
	[.{\initial} {\consonant\any} ]
	[.{\final}
		[.{\medial} {\glide\any} ]
		[.{\nucleus} {\vowel\more} ]
		[.{\koda} {\consonant\any} ]
	]
]
\end{tikzpicture}
\begin{tikzpicture}
\Tree 
[.{\syllable} 
	[.{\initial} {\consonant\any} ]
	[.{\final} 
		[.{\medial} {\glide\any} ]
		[.{\rime}
			[.{\nucleus} {\vowel\more} ]
			[.{\koda} {\consonant\any} ]
		]
	]
]
\end{tikzpicture}

%: Second row: initial - medial - rhyme
\leafs{8em}
\begin{tikzpicture}
\Tree 
[.{\syllable} 
	[.{\initial} {\consonant\any} ]
	[.{\medial} {\glide\any} ]
	[.{\rime} {\vowel\more}{\consonant\any} ]
]
\end{tikzpicture}
\begin{tikzpicture}
\Tree 
[.{\syllable} 
	[.{\initial} {\consonant\any} ]
	[.{\medial} {\glide\any} ]
	[.{\nucleus} {\vowel\more} ]
	[.{\koda} {\consonant\any} ]
]
\end{tikzpicture}
\begin{tikzpicture}
\Tree 
[.{\syllable} 
	[.{\initial} {\consonant\any} ]
	[.{\medial} {\glide\any} ]
	[.{\rime}
		[.{\nucleus} {\vowel\more} ]
		[.{\koda} {\consonant\any} ]
	]
]
\end{tikzpicture}

%: Third row: body - coda
\leafs{11em}
\begin{tikzpicture}
\Tree 
[.{\syllable} 
	[.{\body} {\consonant\any}{\vowel\more} ]
	[.{\koda} {\consonant\any} ]
]
\end{tikzpicture}
\begin{tikzpicture}
\Tree 
[.{\syllable} 
	[.{\body} 
		[.{\onset} {\consonant\any} ]
		[.{\nucleus} {\vowel\more} ]
	]
	[.{\koda} {\consonant\any} ]
]
\end{tikzpicture}
\begin{tikzpicture}
\Tree 
[.{\syllable} 
	[.{\body} 
		[.{\initial} {\consonant\any} ]
		[.{\medial} {\glide\any} ]
		[.{\nucleus} {\vowel\more} ]
	]
	[.{\koda} {\consonant\any} ]
]
\end{tikzpicture}
\begin{tikzpicture}
\Tree 
[.{\syllable} 
	[.{\body} 
		[.{\onset} 
			[.{\initial} {\consonant\any} ]
			[.{\medial} {\glide\any} ]
		]
		[.{\nucleus} {\vowel\more} ]
	]
	[.{\koda} {\consonant\any} ]
]
\end{tikzpicture}

%: Fourth row: onset - rime
\leafs{8em}
\begin{tikzpicture}
\Tree 
[.{\syllable} 
	[.{\onset} {\consonant\any} ]
	[.{\rime} {\vowel\more}{\consonant\any} ]
]
\end{tikzpicture}
\begin{tikzpicture}
\Tree 
[.{\syllable} 
	[.{\onset}
		[.{\initial} {\consonant\any} ]
		[.{\medial} {\glide\any} ]
	]
	[.{\rime} {\vowel\more}{\consonant\any} ]
]
\end{tikzpicture}
\begin{tikzpicture}
\Tree 
[.{\syllable} 
	[.{\onset} {\consonant\any} ]
	[.{\rime}
		[.{\nucleus} {\vowel\more} ]
		[.{\koda} {\consonant\any} ]
	]
]
\end{tikzpicture}
\begin{tikzpicture}
\Tree 
[.{\syllable} 
	[.{\onset}
		[.{\initial} {\consonant\any} ]
		[.{\medial} {\glide\any} ]
	]
	[.{\rime}
		[.{\nucleus} {\vowel\more} ]
		[.{\koda} {\consonant\any} ]
	]
]
\end{tikzpicture}

%: Fifth row: onset - nucleus - coda
\leafs{8em}
\begin{tikzpicture}
\Tree 
[.{\syllable} 
	[.{\onset} {\consonant\any} ]
	[.{\nucleus} {\vowel\more} ]
	[.{\koda} {\consonant\any} ]
]
\end{tikzpicture}
\begin{tikzpicture}
\Tree 
[.{\syllable} 
	[.{\onset}
		[.{\initial} {\consonant\any} ]
		[.{\medial} {\glide\any} ]
	]
	[.{\nucleus} {\vowel\more} ]
	[.{\koda} {\consonant\any} ]
]
\end{tikzpicture}

%: Sixth row: everything
%% has some strange error
\leafs{11em}
\begin{tikzpicture}
\Tree 
[.{\syllable} 
	[.\node(b){\body}; 
		[.\node(o){\onset}; 
			[.{\initial} {\consonant\any} ]
			[.\node(m){\medial}; {\glide\any} ]
		]
	]
	[.{\tonem} [.{\tone\really} ] ]
	[.\node(f){\final}; 
		[.{\rime} 
			[.\node(n){\nucleus}; {\vowel\more} ]
			[.{\koda} {\consonant\any} ]
		]
	]
]
\draw (b.south)--(n.north);
\draw (f.south)--(m.north);
\end{tikzpicture}

\end{document}