File:Volcanic breccia (Sonoma Volcanics, Upper Pliocene, 3.2-3.4 Ma; Calistoga Petrified Forest, Calistoga, California, USA) 4 (49092953047).jpg
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editDescriptionVolcanic breccia (Sonoma Volcanics, Upper Pliocene, 3.2-3.4 Ma; Calistoga Petrified Forest, Calistoga, California, USA) 4 (49092953047).jpg |
Volcanic breccia in the Pliocene of California, USA. Volcanic breccia is a clastic-textured, poorly-sorted, extrusive igneous rock. It has a mix of large and small grains, with the large grains being angular in shape. This rock forms by deposition, burial, and lithification of material expelled during explosive volcanic eruptions. The larger grains in this sample aren't very sizable, but I am still inclined to call this a volcanic breccia. I don't know what the cutoff point is between a volcanic tuff (= all ash) and volcanic breccia (= lots of large angular grains). The outcrop seen here is at California's Calistoga Petrified Forest, which has been called the best-anywhere fossil forest of Pliocene age. Fossil wood at this site is preserved with the most common permineralization mineral - quartz. The preservation of these trees was the result of burial by a rhyolitic pyroclastic flow deposit of the Sonoma Volcanics (Upper Pliocene). The ash and rock fragments were erupted from a vent near modern-day Mt. St. Helena (= north of this locality). Stratigraphy: Sonoma Volcanics, Upper Pliocene, 3.2 to 3.4 Ma Locality: Calistoga Petrified Forest, northern side of Petrified Forest Road, west-southwest of the town Calistoga, eastern Sonoma County, Coast Ranges of northwest-central California, USA |
Date | |
Source | Volcanic breccia (Sonoma Volcanics, Upper Pliocene, 3.2-3.4 Ma; Calistoga Petrified Forest, Calistoga, California, USA) 4 |
Author | James St. John |
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This image was originally posted to Flickr by James St. John at https://flickr.com/photos/47445767@N05/49092953047 (archive). It was reviewed on 20 November 2019 by FlickreviewR 2 and was confirmed to be licensed under the terms of the cc-by-2.0. |
20 November 2019
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current | 05:37, 20 November 2019 | 3,008 × 2,000 (4.53 MB) | Ser Amantio di Nicolao (talk | contribs) | Transferred from Flickr via #flickr2commons |
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Camera manufacturer | NIKON CORPORATION |
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Camera model | NIKON D70s |
Exposure time | 1/125 sec (0.008) |
F-number | f/7.1 |
ISO speed rating | 400 |
Date and time of data generation | 17:39, 13 July 2010 |
Lens focal length | 130 mm |
Width | 3,008 px |
Height | 2,000 px |
Bits per component |
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Pixel composition | RGB |
Orientation | Normal |
Number of components | 3 |
Horizontal resolution | 300 dpi |
Vertical resolution | 300 dpi |
Software used | Adobe Photoshop Elements 16.0 (Macintosh) |
File change date and time | 18:52, 19 November 2019 |
Y and C positioning | Co-sited |
Exposure Program | Not defined |
Exif version | 2.21 |
Date and time of digitizing | 17:39, 13 July 2010 |
Meaning of each component |
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Image compression mode | 4 |
APEX shutter speed | 6.965784 |
APEX aperture | 5.655638 |
APEX exposure bias | 0 |
Maximum land aperture | 5 APEX (f/5.66) |
Metering mode | Pattern |
Light source | Unknown |
Flash | Flash fired, strobe return light detected, auto mode |
DateTime subseconds | 80 |
DateTimeOriginal subseconds | 80 |
DateTimeDigitized subseconds | 80 |
Supported Flashpix version | 1 |
Color space | sRGB |
Sensing method | One-chip color area sensor |
File source | Digital still camera |
Scene type | A directly photographed image |
Custom image processing | Normal process |
Exposure mode | Auto exposure |
White balance | Auto white balance |
Digital zoom ratio | 1 |
Focal length in 35 mm film | 195 mm |
Scene capture type | Standard |
Scene control | None |
Contrast | Normal |
Saturation | Normal |
Sharpness | Normal |
Subject distance range | Unknown |
Serial number of camera | 200638ad |
Lens used | 18.0-200.0 mm f/3.5-5.6 |
Date metadata was last modified | 13:52, 19 November 2019 |
Unique ID of original document | 7F60D683C45CBDD485B09D6A28ADDE73 |
IIM version | 32,767 |