Template:Accessory and sesamoid bones of hand and foot - versions

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	Foot, dorsoplantar	Foot, lateral	Ankle	Wrist	Fingers
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References

Feet

References

Prevalences:

• (2013). "Sesamoids and accessory ossicles of the foot: anatomical variability and related pathology". Insights into Imaging 4 (5): 581–593. DOI:10.1007/s13244-013-0277-1. ISSN 1869-4101.

Os peroneum

• Dorsoplantar view:
  • Brion Benninger, Jessica Kloenne (February 2011). "The Clinical Importance of the Os Peroneum: A Dissection of 156 Limbs Comparing the Incidence Rates in Cadavers versus Chronological Roentgenograms". The Foot and Ankle Online Journal 4 (2)., citing: (2008) (40^th ed.), Elsevier ISBN: 9780702058455.
• Lateral view:
  • (2013). "Prevalence of Accessory Ossicles and Sesamoid Bones in Hallux Valgus". Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association 103 (3): 208–212. DOI:10.7547/1030208. ISSN 8750-7315.

Interphalangeal of great toe

• Dorsoplantar and lateral view:
  • B. de Hartog; P.F. Doorn;P.C. Rijk (1). "Sesamoid bone interposition in the interphalangeal joint after dislocation of the hallux: A case report". The Foot and Ankle Online Journal 2 (7).

Os trigonum

• Lateral view:
  • Jeremy Jones. Os trigonum. Radiopaedia. Retrieved on 2017-11-04.
• Not within the projection on dorsoplantar view.

Os tibiale externum or accessory navicular

• Dorsoplantar view:
  • Benoudina Samir. Os tibiale externum - Geist classification. Radiopaedia. Retrieved on 2017-11-04.
  • Accessory navicular. The London Foot & Ankle Clinic. Retrieved on 2017-11-04.
• Type 1, on lateral view:
  • http://www.drblakeshealingsole.com/2012/12/images-for-os-navicularis-accessory.html%7Cauthor=Richard Blake|title=Dr Blake's Healing Sole|year=2012|accessdate=2017-11-04}}
• Type 2, on lateral view:
  • Thomas Alexander Ochtrop (2015-09-12). From the case: Os tibiale externum type II. Retrieved on 2017-11-04.
  • Patient is a 38-year-old female.... University of Rochester Teaching Files. Retrieved on 2017-11-04.

Os intermetatarseum

• Dorsoplantar and lateral view:
  • Matt Skalski. Os intermetatarseum. Radiopaedia. Retrieved on 2017-11-04.

Os vesalianum:

• Dorsoplantar view:
  • Henry Knipe. Os vesalianum. Radiopaedia. Retrieved on 2017-11-04.
• Lateral view:
  • Angela D Smith; John R Carter; Randall E Marcus (1984). "The Os Vesalianum: An Unusual Cause of Lateral Foot Pain A Case Report and Review of the Literature". Orthopedics 7 (1): 86-89.

Os supranaviculare.

• Dorsoplantar and lateral view:
  • Brendon Friesen. Os supranaviculare. Radiopaedia. Retrieved on 2017-11-04.

Os supratalare

• Dorsoplantar view:
  • (2013). "Imaging Findings of CT and MRI of Os Supratalare: A Case Report". Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology 69 (4): 317. DOI:10.3348/jksr.2013.69.4.317. ISSN 1738-2637.
• Lateral view:
  • Robert A. Christman (2016-08-22). Normal Variants and Anomalies. Musculoskeletal Key.

Os talotibiale.

• Dorsoplantar and lateral view:
  • Robert A. Christman (2016-08-22). Normal Variants and Anomalies. Musculoskeletal Key.
  • A. C. Vieira, A. Vieira, R. Cunha (2006). It’s normal, but it hurts! Painful sesamoid and accessory bone syndromes of the foot..

Os calcaneus secundarium

• Dorsoplantar view:
  • Craig Hacking. Os calcaneous secundarius. Radiopaedia. Retrieved on 2017-11-04.
• Lateral view:
  • Andrew Dixon. Os calcaneus secundarius. Radiopaedia. Retrieved on 2017-11-04.

Metatarsophalangeal

• Dorsoplantar view:
  • Lee F. Rogers. Normal Anatomic Variants and Miscellaneous Skeletal Anomalies. Radiology Key. Retrieved on 2017-11-04.

Ankle

References for shapes and locations on frontal X-rays

Subtibiale:

• (2009). "Accessory Os Subtibiale: A case report of misdiagnosed fracture". The Foot and Ankle Online Journal. DOI:10.3827/faoj.2009.0206.0003. ISSN 19416806.

Os trigonum:

• Dr Bruno Di Muzio. Os intermetatarseum and os trigonum. Radiopaedia. Retrieved on 2017-11-05.
• Ali Abougazia. Posterior ankle impingement (os trigonum) syndrome. Radiopaedia. Retrieved on 2017-11-05.

Os subfibulare:

• Dr Maulik S Patel. Os subfibulare. Radiopaedia. Retrieved on 2017-11-05.

Wrist

References

Os centrale:

• Location and shape:
  • Madeira G, Napoli A, Moline T, Martin E, Oria S, Bruno C. (2013-09-26). "Osteonecrosis of the os centrale carpi". Euro Rad. DOI:10.1594/EURORAD/CASE.10881.
• Prevalence: 0.3% to 1.6%.:
  • (2014). "Bipartite os Centrale Carpi in a Patient with the First Metacarpal Bone Fracture". Archives of Plastic Surgery 41 (1): 98. DOI:10.5999/aps.2014.41.1.98. ISSN 2234-6163.
• Prevalence: 1.3% (right wrist) and 2.1% (left wrist):
  • Natsis et al., see list bottom.

Os vesalianum:

• Location and shape:
  • Roche Lexikon, see list bottom.
• Prevalence: 0.1
  • C. Pop; Cluj-Napoca/RO (2014). Mapping the extras: Supernumerary bones of the limbs. or 0.3
  • Natsis et al., see list bottom.

Os radiale externum

• Location and shape:
  • Levente István Lánczi. Os radiale externum. Retrieved on 2017-11-03.
• 1% on right hand, 0.9% on left:
  • Natsis et al., see list bottom.

Os epitrapezium

• Location and shape:
  • W. Pfitzner (1901). Rauber Kopsch Band1. Abb-299.
• 0.3% on the left
  • Natsis et al., see list bottom.

Os epilunatum

• Location and shape:
  • (2015). "Bilateral Symptomatic Os Epilunatum: A Case Report". Journal of Wrist Surgery 04 (01): 068–070. DOI:10.1055/s-0034-1543978. ISSN 2163-3916.
• 0.3% on the right hand, 0.3% on the left
  • Natsis et al., see list bottom.

Os hypolunatum

• Location and shape
  • Roche Lexikon, see list bottom.
• 0.3% on the left
  • Natsis et al., see list bottom.

Os hypotriquetrum

• Location and shape:
  • (2008). "Anatomical variation of co-existence of 4th and 5th short metacarpal bones, sesamoid ossicles and exostoses of ulna and radius in the same hand: a case report". Cases Journal 1 (1): 281. DOI:10.1186/1757-1626-1-281. ISSN 1757-1626.
• 0.5%
  • Tzaveas et al. (same as for location and shape).
  • Natsis et al., see list bottom.

Os triangulare

• 1% on the right hand, 0.9% on the left.
  • Natsis et al., see list bottom.
• Location and shape:
  • Henry Knipe. Os triangulare. Radiopaedia. Retrieved on 2017-11-03.

Os ulnostyloideum

• Location and shape:
  • (2009). "The crowded wrist-a case with accessory carpal bones". Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica 70 (1): 96–98. DOI:10.3109/17453679909000970. ISSN 0001-6470.
• 1.5% on the right hand, 2.4% on the left.
  • Natsis et al., see list bottom.

Trapezium secundarium:

• 0.5% on the right hand, 2.1% on the left.
  • Natsis et al., see list bottom.
• Location and shape:
  • File:Os trapezium secundarium 53jm - CT cor und VR 001.jpg by Hellerhoff, 5 December 2015

Os styloideum

• 1.2% on the right hand, 1.2% on the left.**

Natsis et al., see list bottom.

• Location and shape:
  • (2010). "Achados de imagem por tomografia computadorizada e ressonância magnética do os styloideum em atleta sintomático". Radiologia Brasileira 43 (3): 207–209. DOI:10.1590/S0100-39842010000300014. ISSN 0100-3984.

Capitatum secundarium

• 0.8% on the right hand, 0.3% on the left
  • Natsis et al., see list bottom.
• Location and shapeRoche Lexikon, see list bottom.

Paratrapezium

• 0.3% on the right hand, 0.9% on the left
  • Natsis et al., see list bottom.
• Location and shape:
  • Roberto Schubert. Os paratrapezium. Radiopaedia. Retrieved on 2017-11-04.

Os ulnare externum

• 0.3% on the left**Natsis et al., see list bottom.
• Location and shape
  • W. Pfitzner (1901). Rauber Kopsch Band1. Abb-299.

Pisiforme secundarium

• 0.3% on the right hand
  • Natsis et al., see list bottom.
• Location and shape
  • Roche Lexikon, see list bottom.

Epitrapezium

• 0.3% on the left
  • Natsis et al., see list bottom.
• Location and shape
  • Roche Lexikon, see list bottom.

Natsis et al.:

• Poster Abstracts. Association for Sports Medicine of Serbia (Udruženje za medicinu sporta Srbije) (2006). Retrieved on 2017-11-03., citing: Natsis K., Beletsiotis A., Terzidis I., Gigis P.. A study of the accessory bones of the foot. Incidence in the Greek population-clinical significance.

Roche Lexikon:

• Handwurzelknochen (bones of the wrist). Roche Lexicon. Retrieved on 2017-11-01.

Fingers

References

• Location and structure: Erica Chu, Donald Resnick. MRI Web Clinic — June 2014: Sesamoid Bones: Normal and Abnormal. Retrieved on 2017-11-04.
• Prevalences: Chen W, Cheng J, Sun R, Zhang Z, Zhu Y, Ipaktchi K et al. (2015). "Prevalence and variation of sesamoid bones in the hand: a multi-center radiographic study.". Int J Clin Exp Med 8 (7): 11721-6. PMID 26380010. PMC: 4565393.