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The Universe reveals itself in a multitude of colours.
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Even though Hubble can see a large part
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of the electromagnetic spectrum
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from the ultraviolet to the near-infrared
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it still cannot see the whole cosmic kaleidoscope.
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So astronomers need different kinds of telescopes,
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both in space and on the ground,
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to fully unveil the mysteries of the Universe . . .
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. . . and Hubble plays a key role
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in this essential telescope teamwork.
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The Universe looks very different
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in the light of different wavelengths,
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and many scientific questions can only be answered
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by studying objects in specific parts of the spectrum.
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Modern telescopes are often built to study
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a very specific wavelength range
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a small part of the electromagnetic spectrum
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in which they are the experts.
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With the current state of technology,
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no telescope, not even Hubble,
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can see all wavelengths.
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Only by using data obtained with different telescopes
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can astronomers study the Universe in maximum detail.
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The history of galaxy formation
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and the chemical structure of galaxies
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are just two of the many astronomical puzzles
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that scientists would like to solve.
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Progress towards answers is only possible
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by mapping the emission
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coming from all the different players:
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stars, dust and gas.
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Each one leaves its signature in different wavelengths.
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For instance, the same portion of space
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studied by Hubble can be observed
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by the instrumentation aboard
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the Chandra X-ray space observatory.
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Hubble and Chandra have teamed up
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many times in the past.
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An example is this image
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of the spiral galaxy ESO 137-001.
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Thanks to Hubble’s contribution,
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the stars and nebulae in the galaxy are made visible.
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Chandra, on the other hand,
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can show up the hot gas streams,
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as they are only visible in the X-ray part of the spectrum.
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But Hubble is not only working together with other space telescopes;
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it also cooperates with ground-based ones —
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and while telescopes in orbit have the advantage
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of being immune to atmospheric turbulence,
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instrumentation on the ground can be continuously updated
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and often show a bigger field of view.
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A good example is ESO’s Very Large Telescope
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on Cerro Paranal, in the Chilean Atacama desert.
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The galaxy cluster Abell 2744
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— nicknamed Pandora’s Cluster —
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was observed with these two very different eyes.
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The combined data showed that Pandora’s Cluster
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is in fact not one cluster, but the result of a pile-up
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of at least four separate galaxy clusters.
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Many requests for telescope time are to follow up
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studies of targets investigated previously:
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in 2015 astronomers combined older Hubble data
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with new observations from ESO’s Very Large Telescope.
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The latter had just been used to discover
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some previously unknown structures within the dusty disc
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surrounding the nearby young star AU Microscopii.
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Only on comparison with earlier Hubble images
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of the same object, was it discovered
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that the features on the disc had changed over time.
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It turned out that those ripples are actually moving
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— and very fast —
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a sign of something truly unusual going on,
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and still today an unsolved mystery.
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In the last twenty years the hunt for exoplanets
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has become a crucial and very prolific
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field of study in astronomy;
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a field in which almost all telescopes try to make their mark.
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For this hunt Hubble teamed up
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with the Spitzer infrared space telescope.
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Together they produced the largest comparative study
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ever of ten hot Jupiter-sized exoplanets.
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The multiple observations of their atmospheres
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allowed astronomers to extract the signatures
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of various elements and molecules
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— including water —
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and to distinguish between cloudy
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and cloud-free exoplanets.
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Sometimes, more than two telescopes have to
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work together to achieve a common goal.
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To witness the earliest stages of a massive galaxy
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forming in the young Universe, astronomers used
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the power of four large telescopes:
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Hubble,
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Spitzer,
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ESA's Herschel Space Observatory
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and the Keck Observatory in Hawaii.
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Together the four telescopes observed the early growth
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of a galactic giant as it appeared eleven billion years ago,
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just three billion years after the Big Bang.
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The next big partner of Hubble will be the forthcoming
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NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope.
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It is scheduled for launch in 2018.
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While Hubble can see ultraviolet, visible,
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and some infrared light,
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James Webb is specialised for the infrared.
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With this capability it will be
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the perfect complement to Hubble.
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Together they will write another chapter
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in the story of successful telescope teamwork.
