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History

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Main gallery: History of the Lê dynasty.

Background and founding of the dynasty

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Ming occupation

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Main gallery: Fourth Chinese domination of Vietnam.

The short-live Hồ dynasty (1400–1407) was defeated in battle of Đa Bang and Hàm Tử by the larger Ming invasion in January 1407. Hồ Quý Ly, Hồ Hán Thương and Hồ Nguyên Trừng were taken as POWs in and sent to Najing by 16 June 1407, Vietnam felt under Fourth Chinese domination of Vietnam. The Ming dynasty set Vietnam as Jiaozhi province with direct Chinese control, used ethnic Vietnamese collaborators and the Tran loyalist noblemen like Nguyễn Huân, Mạc Thúy, Lương Nhữ Hốt, Trần Phong, Đỗ Duy Trung, Phan Liêu,... to rule the local population with harsh rules, ban local traditions, burn most books in the library, mass-killing innocent people, including Buddhist and Taoist monks, children, elder men. The Ming invaders seized 235,900 cows, horses, sheeps, elephants; 8,365 ships, and 2,533,900 military weapons;[1] took most of high-skill builders, architects, teachers, artisans, workers, writers, scientists, martial, medicine doctors, total 41,000 people, sent to Ming's capital Beijing[2], including Nguyễn An (1381–1453) who was a talented architect, hydraulics specialist, the one in four chief architects and engineers of Forbidden City.[3] The Ming dynasty also put very heavy taxes and restriction on Vietnamese businessmen, ban trade, control the mining industrial, ban the Vietnamese paper banknotes Hội Sao Thông Bảo (1396–1407), introduced the Chinese currency Yongle Tongbao made by copper, order local people go to mountains to catch elephant, deer, turtle, snake, tiger, rare bird,... all were taken to China.[4]

Lam Sơn Rebellion (1418–1427)

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Main gallery: Lam Sơn uprising.
 
Seven bronze cannons Thần Cơ Thương Pháo of the Lam Son rebel, displaying in Tay Do, Thanh Hoa.
 
The first page of 1428 Vietnamese independence proclaim Bình Ngô đại cáo (Ping Wu da cao)

Previously Ming military successfully crushed rebellions of two Vietnamese princes Trần Ngỗi and Trần Quý Khoáng in 1409 and 1413, but the Vietnamese people still felt great frustrated to the occupiers. The Lê clan (黎) in Thanh Hoá, Vietnam may had Chinese mixed-local origins since 7th-century from a Han Chinese governor of Jiuzhen Lê Ngọc 黎玉 (535–618) who with local supports, led a failed rebellion against the newly Tang Empire in 618 CE[5]. Lê Lợi was a son of wealthy Vietnamese aristocrat in Thanh Hoá. He early life was briefly mentioned in the Chinese source as a low-rank official serving the Ming governor Hoang Fu.[6] He joined a secret swearing commentary in Lũng Nhai, Thanh Hoá in winter 1916, with other 18 men, all swore will fought against the Ming Chinese, restore the Vietnamese independence and sovereign.[7] In after Tết (New Year) February 1418, they decided revolt against the Ming invaders with only initial 1,000 people, and were called the Lam Sơn (blue mountain).[8][9][10][11][12][13] The Ming military responded by sent an army 60,000, circled the rebels' based on mount Chí Linh in the modern border between Laos and Vietnam for four years (1420-1423), pursed the Lam Sơn to nearly defeated by cold, exhausted diseases and starvation. Finally, Lê Lai, a soldier of Lam Sơn, dressed as Lê Lợi, led a army attacked to breakthrough the Ming lines. He was killed, but the commander Lê Lợi and the Lam Sơn remnants were able to escaped to the south and rebuilt his army.[14] In November 1424, the Lam Sơn from Laos surprisingly attacked and captured Nghệ An citadel, the ethnic-Vietnamese Ming commander Lương Nhữ Hốt (Liang Juihu) was chased and escaped to the north. From the new base in high-density population Nghệ An, the Lê Lợi's rebel forces attacked, captured all lands in today Central Vietnam, from Thanh Hoá to Đà Nẵng.[15]

By August 1426, the rebels had grew up to 100,000-strong forces, and Lê Lợi launched offensive to the north. By respond, Ming Emperor Xuande sent a new 80,000-men force to Jiaozhi led by general Wang Tong, plus with another 50,000 Ming soldiers in Đông Đô-Dongdu (Hanoi), and 30,000 auxiliaries, total 160,000 men, for defending Northern Vietnam. In the decisive Battle of Tốt Động – Chúc Động lasted from October 5 to 7, in south of Dongdu, Lam Sơn army with only 6,000 men led by general Lý Triện and Nguyễn Xí—successful using cannons eliminated 54,000 Ming soldiers on the open field terrain—ended with 30,000 Ming soldiers killed, 10,000 were captured[16], had turned the tide of the war.[17] By early 1427, Lê Lợi's forces had liberated most of the country, even gained further to southern tip of Chinese provinces Guangxi. Ming dynasty began sending negotiator to Vietnam and they wanted to set up a king which belongs to Trần clan. Lê Lợi selected a man names Trần Cảo as puppet king of Annam, which nominate ruled from 1426 to 1428. By the night of January 3 1428, Ming military and Lam Son leader Lê Lợi reached the agreement that the Ming dynasty cedes to have affair rule in Annam, recognizes and respects the Independence and sovereignty of Annam (Vietnam).[18][19] After Trần Cảo was murdered in 1428, Lê Lợi officially succeed the throne, opened a new page in Vietnamese history. Nguyễn Trãi wrote Bình Ngô đại cáo (Great proclamation upon the pacification of the Wu[20]) in early 1428, is considered the second declaration of independence of Vietnam.[21]

Early period (1428–1527)

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Thuận Thiên (Lê Lợi, 1428–1433)

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The Hall of Kính Thiên (敬天殿), where Lê Lợi was proclaimed emperor. Thăng Long Imperial citadel was destroyed in 1802 and abandoned. Photo taken in 1884.

In 1428, Lê Lợi established the Lê dynasty and took the reign name Thuận Thiên 順天 (Heaven's joy), receiving recognition from the Ming dynasty in a tributary relationship.[22][23][24][25] In 1429, he introduced new law Thuận Thiên code which mostly based on the Tang code, with severely charges for illegal gambling, bribery and corruption.[26][27]Thuận Thiên's goal was to establish a long-stable society which base on the ideas of Confucian. He grant a new land reform in 1429 that took lands from people who collaborated with the Chinese and distributed to the landless peasants and soldiers. He had distrusts many of his old generals. The most famous case during Thuận Thiên's rule was the deaths of two generals Trần Nguyên Hãn and Phạm Văn Xảo, which was been considered by Vietnamese historians a political purge of Lê Lợi.[28] Lê Lợi's reign would be short-lived, as he died in 1433.[29] After death was granted the Temple name Thống Thiên Khải Vận Thánh Đức Thần Công Duệ Văn Anh Vũ Khoan Minh Dũng Trí Hoàng Nghĩa Chí Minh Đại Hiếu Cao Hoàng đế (統天啟運聖德神功睿文英武寬明勇智弘義至明大孝高皇帝) temple name Thái Tổ 太祖 (Taizu) by his son Lê Thái Tông, and was burial in Vĩnh Lăng, Lam Sơn.

Lê Thái Tông (ruled 1433–1442)

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Main gallery: Lê Thái Tông.
 
Carved text about tribe men raiders on stone in Thanh Hóa, 1439.

Lê Thái Tông (黎太宗, ruled 1433–1442) [30] was the official heir to Lê Lợi. However, he was just eleven, so a close friend of Lê Lợi, Lê Sát, assumed the regency of the kingdom. Not long after he assumed the official title as Emperor of Vietnam in 1438, Lê Thái Tông accused Lê Sát of abuse of power and had him executed. In December 1435, Thái Tông ordered general Tư Mã Tây to subdue the Tày chief Cầm Quý who having a ten-thousand army of raiders in the northwest region.[31] In January 1436, the emperor ordered to make roads and canals from northwest region to the capital for showing the superior power of the Imperial court to the local tribes men.[32] From 1437 to 1441, tribe men from Ai-Lao crossed the Annamite Range, raided in Thanh Hóa and southern Hưng Hóa (now Sơn La province) with the help of the local raiders led by Nghiễm Sinh Tượng were suppressed by the Imperial army.[33] The Lê Dynasty started treating hostilely to the ethnic minorities in western region. On a stone monument that was carved in 1439 under Thái Tông's reign said "Bồn-Man (Muang Phuan) barbarians were against our assimilation, they need to be exterminated to their roots, and with the Sơn-Man (Mường and Chứt) barbaric raiders, we need to eliminated all of them,..."[34]

According to a Mạc–Trịnh version of Complete Annals of Đại Việt, the new Emperor had a weakness for women. He had many wives, and he discarded one favorite after another. The most prominent scandal was his affair with Nguyễn Thị Lộ, the wife of his father's chief advisor Nguyễn Trãi. The affair started early in 1442 and continued when the Emperor traveled to the home of Nguyễn Trãi, who was venerated as a great Confucian scholar.

Shortly after the Emperor left Trãi's home to continue his tour of the western province, he fell ill and died. At the time the powerful nobles in the court argued that the Emperor had been poisoned to death. Nguyễn Trãi was executed as were his three entire relations, the normal punishment for treason at that time.

Lê Nhân Tông (ruled 1442–1459)

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Main gallery: Lê Nhân Tông.

With the Emperor's sudden death at a young age, his infant heir Bang Co was made emperor- although he was the second son of his father, his older brother Nghi Dân had been officially passed over due to his mother's low social status. Bang Co assumed the throne as Lê Nhân Tông (黎仁宗) [30] but the real rulers were Trịnh Khả and the child's mother, the young Empress Nguyễn Thị Anh. The next 17 years were good years for Vietnam – there were no great troubles either internally or externally. Two things of note occurred: first, the Vietnamese sent an army south to attack the Champa kingdom in 1446; second, the Dowager Empress ordered the execution of Trịnh Khả, for reasons lost to history, in 1451.

In 1453 at the age of twelve, Lê Nhân Tông was formally given the title of Emperor. This was unusual as according to custom, youths could not ascend the throne till the age of 16. It may have been done to remove Nguyễn Thi Anh from power, but if that was the reason, it failed and the Dowager Empress still controlled the government up until a coup in 1459.

In 1459, Lê Nhân Tông's older brother, Nghi Dân, plotted with a group of followers to kill the Emperor. On October 28, the plotters with some 100 "shiftless men" infiltrated the palace and murdered the Emperor (he was just 18). The next day, facing certain execution the Dowager Empress committed suicide. The rule of Nghi Dân was brief, and he was never officially recognized as a sovereign by later Vietnamese historians. Revolts against his rule started almost immediately and the second revolt, occurring on June 24, 1460, succeeded. The rebels, led by Lê Lợi's surviving former advsiors Nguyễn Xí and Dinh Liêt captured and killed Nghi Dân along with his followers. The rebels then selected the youngest son of Lê Thái Tông to be the new Emperor, who they proclaimed to be Lê Thánh Tông.

  1. ↑ Ming Shilu, sixth year of Yongle, vol. 80, pp. 613–614《明實錄·太宗實，錄卷八十，永樂六年六月己丑條，茲參考李國祥主編。》
  2. ↑ Ming Shilu, fifth year of Yongle, vol. 68, pp. 603《明實錄·太宗實錄，卷六十八，永樂五年六月癸卯條，茲參考李國祥主編。》
  3. ↑ Tsai, Shih (March 2002) Perpetual Happiness: The Ming Emperor Yongle, Seattle : University of Washington Press, c2001, p126 ISBN: 978-0-295-98124-6.
  4. ↑ Ngô Sĩ Liên 1993, University of Tokyo's Toyo Cultural Research Institute, pp 508-509
  5. ↑ Đào Duy Anh 2005, History of Vietnam by period, p 92
  6. ↑ Ming Shilu, thirteenth year of Yongle, vol. 196, pp 659《卷一百九十六，永樂十六年春正月甲寅條。這裡參考》
  7. ↑ Chan Chung Jin, p. 149
  8. ↑ Asia: Local Studies / Global Themes - Volume 3 Hue-Tam Ho Tai - 2001 - Page 91 "... an anti-Ming resistance — the Lam Son uprising, begun in 1418 — and the two men became the movement's key exponents. As emperor (1428-33), Le Loi would retain Nguyen Trai as his chief official; thereafter, their relationship was made ..."
  9. ↑ Lonely Planet Vietnam 10 -Nick Ray, Yu-Mei Balasingamchow, Iain Stewart - 2009 Page 30 "In 1418 wealthy philanthropist Le Loi sparked the Lam Son Uprising by refusing to serve as an official for the Chinese Ming dynasty. By 1428, local rebellions had erupted in several regions and Le Loi travelled the countryside to rally ..."
  10. ↑ H. K. Chang - From Movable Type Printing to the World Wide Web 2007 Page 128 "However, in 1418, another leader, Lê Lợi, staged an uprising, which led in 1428 to the establishment of the Lê dynasty, from which time Vietnam broke free of China and became independent".
  11. ↑ Ngọc Đĩnh Vũ Hào kiệt Lam Sơn: trường thiên tiểu thuyết lịch sử Volume 1 - 2003 "The Lam Sơn uprising, 1418-1428, is one of the greatest historical events in Vietnamese history, when a small country tried to gain independence from the firm grab of a bigger neighbor".
  12. ↑ Laurel Kendall Vietnam: Journeys of Body, Mind, and Spirit 2003- Page 27 "Le Loi led a successful ten,year (1418,1428) uprising against the Chinese. According to legend, Le Loi returned the sword that gave him victory to Hoan Kiem Lake (now the center of Hanoi), where it was retrieved by a giant turtle".
  13. ↑ Le Loi. The Encycloaedia Britannica. Micropedia, Volume VI, 15th Edition. ISBN 0-85229-339-9
  14. ↑ Le Lai. Pretzi. Retrieved on 4 November 2016.
  15. ↑ Trần Trọng Kim, Việt Nam sử lược, vol. I, part. III, sec. XIV(1418 – 1427)
  16. ↑ 《明史·王通传》
  17. ↑ Sun Laichen (2003), "Chinese Military Technology and Dai Viet: c.1390-1597," Asia Research Institute Working Paper Series, No.11, September.
  18. ↑ Ngô Sĩ Liên 1993, University of Tokyo's Toyo Cultural Research Institute, p，546－548
  19. ↑ Shih-shan Henry Tsai (1996) The Eunuchs in the Ming Dynasty, SUNY Press, pp. 15– ISBN: 978-0-7914-2687-6.
  20. ↑ Anthony Reid, Kristine Alilunas-Rodgers (2001) Sojourners and settlers: histories of Southeast Asia and the Chinese, University of Hawaii Press, p. 102 ISBN: 0-8248-2446-6.
  21. ↑ Nguyễn Đăng Na (2005). "Bình Ngô đại cáo: Một số vấn đề về chữ nghĩa". Hán Nôm Magazine (2/2005). Hanoi: Institute of Hán Nôm.
  22. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named britannica
  23. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named asymmetry
  24. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named perspectives
  25. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named transition
  26. ↑ Việt Nam sử lược, p. 96.
  27. ↑ Ngô Sĩ Liên 1993, pp 361.
  28. ↑ "...Our Thái tổ majesty just had retaken the Tianxia, the country was not recovered, and Hãn, Xảo wanted to conspired against the court...", Nguyễn Trực 1441
  29. ↑ Lê, Lợi King of Vietnam 1385-1433. worldcat.
  30. ↑ a b Theobald
  31. ↑ Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư, Ngô Sĩ Liên, 1993, volume XI, p. 391
  32. ↑ Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư, Ngô Sĩ Liên , 1993, volume XI, p. 392
  33. ↑ Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư, Ngô Sĩ Liên, 1993, volume XI, p. 397–403.
  34. ↑ ereka.vn (13 April 2018). Nomadic people in Vietnamese history.
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