Identifier: americanengineer68newy (find matches)
Title: American engineer and railroad journal
Year: 1893 (1890s)
Authors:
Subjects: Railroad engineering Engineering Railroads Railroad cars
Publisher: New York : M.N. Forney
Contributing Library: Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh
Digitizing Sponsor: Lyrasis Members and Sloan Foundation

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trajectory 0 b is not really a transverse straight line,but a curve elongated in the direction of the wind. In consequence of this theoretical standpoint which I havelaid down, I am impelled to offer two objections to Mr. Wiu- bles the intensity and especially the regularity which corre-sponds to the regular succession of the spirals. Second objection : According to Mr. Winston, the bird adaptsits wings with the winds, and it returns in the contrary direc-tion to the intermittent action of the wind. It follows, then,that if a great number of birds were soaring together in thesame space thev must exclude their spirals simultaneouslycither in the direction of a wind or a contrary direction.Now, no such simultaneous movement occurs in actual prac-tice. Not only the birds turn, some in one direction and somein another, but it is readily seen that the circular space whichthey pass through is divided into a certain number of sec-tors and may have a. bird in each sector at the same in-stant.
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EXPERIMENTS WITH THE NEW MILITARY BALLOON ON THE TEMPLEIIOF PARADE GROUND, BERLIN. stons theory, based upon actual facts of soaring flight such ashave been observed. First objection : That the air is subjected to variations inspeed there can be no doubt ; but do these variations presentthemselves with the intensity and especially with the regu-larity which would be required in order to bring Mr. Win-stons hypothesis in accordance with the facts ? We cannotadmit that they do. On the one side the spirals of the sameseries which a bird traces occur in intervals of time that arepractically equal. On the other hand, the average operationof early spiral is most frequently, according to my observa-tions, about 12 seconds. In accordance with Mr. Winstonstheory, then, there must be an intermittent action of the windevery 6 seconds ; a calm succeeding a gust, a calm, and so on.What wonderful regularity in an irregular wind ! Such afact as this would need to be very carefully demonstrated inorde

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