Identifier: animallocomotion00pett (find matches)
Title: Animal locomotion or walking, swimming, and flying : with a dissertation on aëronautics
Year: 1873 (1870s)
Authors: Pettigrew, James Bell, 1834-1908
Subjects: Animal locomotion Physiology Aeronautics
Publisher: London : Henry S. King & Co.
Contributing Library: Yale University, Cushing/Whitney Medical Library
Digitizing Sponsor: Open Knowledge Commons and Yale University, Cushing/Whitney Medical Library

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and Prostate, and themanner in which the Ureters and Urethra are closed, by the Author.—Philosophical Transactions, 1S67. On the Muscular Tunics in the Stomach of Man and other Mammalia,by the Author.—Proceedings Royal Society of London, 1567. 30 ANIMAL LOCOMOTION. with m all; and this appears to me an all-sufficient reasonfor attaching great importance to the movements of softparts, such as protoplasm, jelly masses, involuntary and volun-tary muscles, etc.1 As the muscles of vertebrates are accu-rately applied to each other, and to the bones, while the bonesare rigid, unyielding, and incapable of motion, it follows thatthe osseous system acts as a break or boundary to the muscularone,—and hence the arbitrary division of muscles into exten-sors and flexors, pronators and supinators, abductors and ad-ductors. This division although convenient is calculated tomislead. The most highly organized animal is strictly speakingto be regarded as a living mass whose parts (hard, soft, and
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Fig. 9.—The Superficial Muscles in the Horse, (after Bagg). otherwise) are accurately adapted to each other, every partreciprocating with scrupulous exactitude, and rendering itdifficult to determine where motion begins and where it ter-minates. Fig. 9 shows the more superficial of the muscularmasses which move the bones or osseous levers of the horseas seen in the walk, trot, gallop, etc. A careful examinationof these carneous masses or muscles will show that they run ; Lectures - On the Physiology of the Circulation in Plants, in the LowerAnimals, and in Man, by the Author.-Edinburgh Medical Journal for Sep-tember 1872. l INTRODUCTION. 31 longitudinally, transversely, and obliquely, the longitudinaland transverse muscles crossing each other at nearly rightangles, the oblique ones tending to cross at various angles, asin the letter X. The crossing is seen to most advantage inthe deep muscles. In order to understand the twisting which occurs to agreater or less extent in the bodies

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