Identifier: animallocomotion00pett (find matches)
Title: Animal locomotion or walking, swimming, and flying : with a dissertation on aëronautics
Year: 1873 (1870s)
Authors: Pettigrew, James Bell, 1834-1908
Subjects: Animal locomotion Physiology Aeronautics
Publisher: London : Henry S. King & Co.
Contributing Library: Yale University, Cushing/Whitney Medical Library
Digitizing Sponsor: Open Knowledge Commons and Yale University, Cushing/Whitney Medical Library

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birds, being directed upwards and forwards,and making a very decided angle with the horizon. The wings in the beetlesare insignificantly small when compared with the area of the body. Theyare, moreover, finely twisted upon themselves, and possess great power aspropellers and elevators.—Original Fio. .0.—The Water-Bug (Genus belostoma). In this insect the superior wings(elytra or wing covers ?•) are semi-membranous. They are geared to themembranous or under wings («N by a hook, the two acting together in flight,w hen so geared the upper and under wings are delicately curved andtwisted. They moreover taper from within outwards, and from before back-wards.—Original ANIMAL LOCOMOTION. The wings of insects present different degrees of opacity—those of the moths and butterflies being non-transparent;those of the dragon-flies, bees, and common flies presenting adelicate, filmy, gossamer-like appearance. The wings in everycase are composed of a duplicature of the integument or in-
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Fig. 91.—The Dragon-fly (Petalura gigantca). In this insect the wings arefinely curved and delicately transparent, the nervnres being most stronglydeveloped at tbA roots of the wings and along the anterior margins (e e, //),and least so at the tips (6 b), and along the posterior margins (a a). Theanterior pair (e e) are analogous in every respect to the posterior (//). Bothmake a certain angle with the horizon, the anterior pair(e c), which are prin-cipally used as elevators, making a smaller angle than the posterior pair(//). which are used as drivers. The wings of the dragon-fly make the properangles for flight even in repose, so that the insect can take to wing instantly.The insect flies with astonishing velocity.—Original. vesting membrane, and are strengthened in various directionsby a system of hollow, horny tubes, known to entomologistsas the neurae or nervures. The nervures taper towards theextremity of the wing, and are strongest towards its root andanterior margin, where

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