Title: Diagnosing bee diseases in the apiary
Identifier: diagnosingbeedi392burn (find matches)
Year: 1936 (1930s)
Authors: Burnside, C. E. (Carlton Earl), 1896-; Sturtevant, Arnold Parker, 1889-
Subjects: Bees Diseases Diagnosis
Publisher: Washington, D. C. : U. S. Dept. of Agriculture
Contributing Library: U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Library
Digitizing Sponsor: U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Library

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24 CIRCULAR 3 9 2. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE APPEARANCE OF THE DEAD BROOD A larva killed by a fungus becomes noticeably harder soon after it dies, and the glistening white changes to a dull creamy white. Later the dead larva becomes shrunken and wrinkled. The head end of a larva- that dies after it has straightened out in the cell dries most rapidly and often curves upward at first but later tends to straighten out again (fig. 15). The fungus soon grows through the skin in a ring just back of the head and forms a sort of white collar. Within 1 or 2 days the fungus grows over the entire larva and forms a false skin which clings closely to the true skin. The color at this stage is chalky white. The fungus produces spores on the outer surface of the dead larva, and the white changes to a shade of green, black, or other color, corresponding to the color of the spores. Spores form earliest and most abundantly near the head end of
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Figure 16.—Dead brood (mummies) killed by a pathogenic fungus. dead larvae. The color of the spores deepens as they mature and fades as they become old and dry. After dead larvae and pupae have become dry they are known as mummies (fig. 16). In Europe the disease of bees caused by Aspergillus flavus is called "stone brood" on account of the hard texture of the dead brood. DISEASES OF ADULT BEES WHAT TO OBSERVE WHEN LOOKING FOR DISEASES OF ADULT BEES Xo general rules can be given for the diagnosis of diseases of adult bees. Such diagnosis is made more difficult by the fact that at any time of the year many bees may die as a result of old age or abnormal conditions. Symptoms of the different diseases over-

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