File:Late Neolithic - Early Bronze Age, Battle Axe Perforated Axe Hammer (FindID 142036-192533).jpg
Original file (2,203 × 1,459 pixels, file size: 322 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg)
Captions
Summary edit
Late Neolithic - Early Bronze Age: Battle Axe Perforated Axe Hammer | |||
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Photographer |
Birmingham Museums Trust, Peter Reavill, 2008-11-05 12:12:12 |
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Title |
Late Neolithic - Early Bronze Age: Battle Axe Perforated Axe Hammer |
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Description |
English: Stone perforated axe-hammer of probable very late Neolithic or early Bronze Age date (2500-1800 BC). Axe-hammers are also known as Battle Axes and some of the smaller examples have been recorded as perforated maces (mace-heads). The differences between these types / classifications are uncertain and the artefact type as a whole is in need of reassessment in line with modern discoveries and approaches to artefact studies. The axe-hammer is formed from a pecked and ground igneous rock. This rock has been identified from observation of the surface by Daniel Lockett (Shropshire Museum Service) and Liz Etheridge (Shropshire Wildlife Trust) as being a picrite. However, without thin section analysis a definitive identification cannot be reached. In plan the axe-hammer is broadly sub-triangular, with sides which expand from a relatively narrow butt to their widest point which is in line with the centre of the perforated hole. From this widest point the axe-hammer then tapers to an angular blunted point. In profile the axe-hammer is broadly sub-rectangular, the butt and the axe blade have relatively similar thicknesses. However, the upper and lower edges of the axe-hammer taper and expand along their length to form concave sides. This means that the upper and lower faces of the axe hammer are dished; in both cases the deepest point of the dished surface is closest to the perforation. The perforation is positioned at a point approximately 1/3 of the way along the length of the axe, approximately 66mm from the blunt butt end and 108mm from the cutting edge. The perforation itself has a slight hour glass profile. This is a result of how it was made, being drilled from each side. The perforation has a diameter of 45.1mm at the widest point. The blade of the axe-hammer is on the same alignment (vertical) as the perforation. It is broadly convex in profile but much of the original surface has been lost through abrasion. The butt of the axe-hammer (or hammer end) is broadly sub-rectangular (rectangular with rounded corners), it measures 67.7mm in length and 79.6mm in width. This end is much better preserved than the bladed end and small areas of pecked surface are visible. There is no obvious old damage from use. The axe-hammer measures 217mm length, 107.9mm width, is 74.6mm thick and weighs 2484g. Roe further splits class II into two parts, (a) those with the greatest depth (thickness) at the butt, and (b) those with the greatest depth at the blade. The blade of this example has been damaged, but the butt and blade seem to be of similar thickness and so the distinction cannot be made. The closest parallels illustrated by Roe can be seen in fig 8, either Sh 17/ah (Little Ryton, Salop) or Sh 53/ah (Hardwick, Salop) both classified as Class IIb. The function of this artefact is also not fully understood. The larger examples are thought to be either for mining or agriculture. It is thought that some of the largest examples were used as a form of plough or for breaking ground. Many of the examples known are stray finds without an archaeological context. Several are known to come from burial mounds, but whether they were associated with the grave or the mound is unclear (Savory 1980, 36-37). The artefact type is usually dated to the very final phases of the Neolithic or the early part of the Bronze Age, specifically to the Beaker phases (EBA 1 and II). |
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Depicted place | (County of findspot) Shropshire | ||
Date | between 2500 BC and 1800 BC | ||
Accession number |
FindID: 142036 Old ref: HESH-191F76 Filename: HESH-191F76 detail 3.jpg |
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Credit line |
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Source |
https://finds.org.uk/database/ajax/download/id/192535 Catalog: https://finds.org.uk/database/images/image/id/192535/recordtype/artefacts archive copy at the Wayback Machine Artefact: https://finds.org.uk/database/artefacts/record/id/142036 |
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Permission (Reusing this file) |
Attribution-ShareAlike License version 4.0 (verified 17 November 2020) | ||
Other versions |
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File history
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Date/Time | Thumbnail | Dimensions | User | Comment | |
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current | 19:43, 15 February 2017 | 2,203 × 1,459 (322 KB) | Fæ (talk | contribs) | Portable Antiquities Scheme, create missing image based on cross-ref check. FindID 142036, ImageID 192533, batch page 15108 |
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Metadata
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Camera manufacturer | NIKON |
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Camera model | E4500 |
Exposure time | 10/111 sec (0.09009009009009) |
F-number | f/7.3 |
ISO speed rating | 100 |
Date and time of data generation | 14:26, 5 June 2006 |
Lens focal length | 17.5 mm |
Orientation | Normal |
Horizontal resolution | 734 dpc |
Vertical resolution | 734 dpc |
Software used | Adobe Photoshop Elements 2.0 |
File change date and time | 14:15, 31 January 2008 |
Y and C positioning | Co-sited |
Exposure Program | Aperture priority |
Exif version | 2.2 |
Date and time of digitizing | 14:26, 5 June 2006 |
Meaning of each component |
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Image compression mode | 3 |
APEX exposure bias | 0 |
Maximum land aperture | 2.8 APEX (f/2.64) |
Metering mode | Pattern |
Light source | Unknown |
Flash | Flash did not fire, compulsory flash suppression |
Supported Flashpix version | 1 |
Color space | sRGB |
File source | Digital still camera |
Scene type | A directly photographed image |
Custom image processing | Normal process |
Exposure mode | Auto exposure |
White balance | Auto white balance |
Digital zoom ratio | 0 |
Focal length in 35 mm film | 84 mm |
Scene capture type | Standard |
Scene control | None |
Contrast | Normal |
Saturation | Normal |
Sharpness | Normal |
Subject distance range | Unknown |
IIM version | 2 |