Identifier: biologyoffrog1907holm (find matches)
Title: The biology of the frog
Year: 1907 (1900s)
Authors: Holmes, Samuel J. (Samuel Jackson), 1868-
Subjects: Frogs
Publisher: New York : Macmillan
Contributing Library: Harvard University, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Ernst Mayr Library
Digitizing Sponsor: Harvard University, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Ernst Mayr Library

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andhyoid arch. The cranial portion of the skull is relativelysmall, and is narrowest in the central part, between the verylarge spaces, or orbits, which lodge the eyes. At the posteriorend is a large aperture, the foramen magnum, through whichthe spinal cord passes. On either side of this opening arethe exoccipital bones, which are separated from each otherabove and below by a small piece of cartilage. At the sidesof the foramen magnum these bones bear a pair of roundedprominences, the occipital condyles, which articulate with theatlas, or first vertebra. Just external to each condyle is asmall aperture for the exit of the vagus nerve. At the sides and in front of the exoccipitals lie the prod ticbones, each of which forms a ring-like lateral projection oneach side of the skull, which incloses the inner ear. Anteri-orly each prootic is perforated by a large aperture, throughwhich pass the 5th, 6th, and 7th cranial nerves. On theouter side there is an opening, the foramen ovale, which
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Fig. 63. — A, skeleton of Rana temporaria. The left limbs, left shoulder girdle, andmembrane bones of the left side of the skull are removed. Cartilaginous parts dotted;names of cartilage bones in thick; those of membrane bones in italic capitals, a.chy,anterior cornu of hyoid; actb, acetabulum ; AST, astragalus; b.liy, basi-hyal; C, calcar;CAL, calcaneum; EX.OC, exoccipit.il; FE, femur; /on, foil, fontanelles; FR.PA, fronto-parietals; HU, humerus; IL, ilium; MX, maxilla; olf.cp, olfactory capsule; ot.pr, otic-process ; p.c.hv, posterior cornu of hyoid ; /A/A, premaxilla; IK.ot, prodtic ; ra.ul,radio-ulna; SP.ETH, sphenethmoid; SQ, squamosal; s.sci, supra-scapula; sus, sus-pensorium; TI.FI, tibio-fibula; tr.jr, transverse process; UST, urostyle; V.l, cervicalvertebra; V.9, sacral vertebra; IO, vomer; I-V, digits. B.the fourth vertebra seen fromin front, a.zyg, anterior zygapophysis ; en, centrum ; lin, lamina ; n.sp, neural spine ; pd,pedicle; tr.pr, transverse process. (From Parker

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