Identifier: lifeofgreeksroma00guhl (find matches)
Title: The life of the Greeks and Romans
Year: 1875 (1870s)
Authors: Guhl, E. (Ernst), 1819-1862 Koner, W. (Wilhelm), 1817-1887, joint author Hueffer, Francis, 1843-1889, tr
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Publisher: London, Chapman and Hall
Contributing Library: The Library of Congress
Digitizing Sponsor: The Library of Congress

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of those destined to transport thematerials of the large buildings. With the beginning of thethird century carriages became more frequent in the cities,although their use remained the privilege of the highest imperialofficials. We possess many representations of carts and carriages,the classification of which according to the expressions found inthe authors is not always possible. The body of the carriageis generally clumsy, while the wheels, with spokes (rota radiata),are almost always of a graceful shape. On the monument of Igel(Fig. 414) we see a small open carriage on two wheels drawn bymules, in which two persons are seated; perhaps we may recognisein it a cisium or essedum. Another richly decorated carriage(carpentum), also on two wheels, but with an awning to it, appearson the coins of Julia, daughter of Titus, and on those of Agrippina, * A small terra-cotta, not yet reproduced, in the Museo Borbonico at Naplesshows two men carrying a litter in the manner described. CARTS. 515
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Fig. 481. daughter of Germanicus. Fig. 481 shows a two-wheeled travel-ling carriage (covinus ?) with an awning. Reda and curruca,mentioned by the authors as large travelling-carriages for severalpersons, do not appear on the monuments; where, on the otherhand, we frequently meet with carts and waggons loaded withrural produce, merchandise,armour, &c.; the genericterm for these is plaustrum,the expressions sarracum,carrus, and arcera markingsubdivisions no longer defin-able by us. Fig. 450 showsa four-wheeled market-cartwith a wineskin on it; Fig.482 (from a mosaic found atOrbe, in Switzerland), acart, drawn by two oxen,the load of which is secured against rain by a blanket; even thostep to mount the cart has not been omitted. On the archof Severus (compare Fig. 535) and the column of Antoninuswe see a number of baggage-carts, some of them on twowheels with spokes, others on massive round discs of wood(tympanum), all laden with pieces of armour and provisionsin sacks and barrels. B

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