Identifier: veterinaryobstet00will (find matches)
Title: Veterinary obstetrics, including the diseases of breeding animals and of the new-born
Year: 1909 (1900s)
Authors: Williams, Walter Long, 1856-
Subjects: Veterinary obstetrics
Publisher: Ithaca, N.Y. : The author
Contributing Library: NCSU Libraries
Digitizing Sponsor: NCSU Libraries

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abbreviation in its length, suggesting agraduation in extent between a normal penis and clitoris.Sometimes the defective penis is directed more or less backwards,leading to a backward direction of the urinary stream. In otherinstances, the formation of the urethra is aberrant and it opensat the ischial arch or lower down along the penis, to constitutehypospadius or epispadius. Defects in the development of the penis and clitoris are largelyassociated with aberrations in the essential genital organs them-selves, partaking more or less of hermaphroditism or bi-sexualcharacter. Hermaphroditism varies greatly in character andextent and tends largely to follow certain types for each speciesof animals. In the horse, it is not rare to meet with an animalhaving a well developed vulva, vagina and uterus, the vulvaand vagina functioning, the latter ballooning under manual ex-ploration, as in a normal mare. No ovaries are present but,instead, typical cryptorchid testicles producing the ordinary
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The Limbs 341 cryptorchid sexual reflex, a male voice, form and behavior.Such a case was readily castrated by us through the amplevagina in the same manner as spaying a mare. (Fig. 58). Theelongated clitoris, which projected 2 or 3 inches beyond thevulva, was amputated. The udder was well developed. Inother cases in the horse, we have observed well developed mam-m« with testicles resting just above and to the outer side ofthem, an abbreviated penis and no vulva. Between these typesvarious gradations appear. In a boar, as shown in Fig. 14, wefound a male gland (testicle) on one side and a female, (ovary)on the other. The Limbs. In a rabbit eml^ryo of about the tenth day, the mesoblasticcells on either side of the notochord become grouped into cuboid-al masses, divided from each other by transverse lines, whichare known as somites or primitive segments. The first pair ap-pears in the cervical region prior to the closure of the neuraltube and additional somites appear, extending forward

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